The use of cellular nanovesicles (CNVs) is a groundbreaking innovation in biomedical applications. Both natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) and artificial cell membrane nanovesicles (AVs) have emerged as innovative CNVs, but they have limitations in therapeutic effects and targeting abilities. Challenges such as stability, immunogenicity, and drug payload capacity hinder their widespread application. Genetic engineering has matured as a widely employed modification strategy, leading to the development of genetically engineered extracellular vesicles (gEVs) and genetically engineered artificial cell membrane nanovesicles (gAVs). This review meticulously examines the diverse types and inherent characteristics of CNVs, alongside various surface engineering strategies for CNVs, with a specific focus on elucidating the attributes and detailing the preparation methods relevant to gEVs and gAVs. Furthermore, this exploration delves into the expansive landscape of biomedical applications, developmental prospects, and current challenges associated with the utilization of gEVs and gAVs. With a comprehensive approach, the primary objective is to provide insights that not only illuminate the nuanced intricacies of these nanovesicles but also pave the way for their seamless integration into clinical research and eventual translation into practical applications.

中文翻译：

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基因工程细胞纳米囊泡：理论、设计和前景


细胞纳米囊泡（CNV）的使用是生物医学应用中的突破性创新。天然细胞外囊泡（EV）和人工细胞膜纳米囊泡（AV）都作为创新的CNV而出现，但它们在治疗效果和靶向能力方面存在局限性。稳定性、免疫原性和药物有效负载能力等挑战阻碍了它们的广泛应用。基因工程作为一种广泛采用的修饰策略已经成熟，导致了基因工程细胞外囊泡（gEV）和基因工程人工细胞膜纳米囊泡（gAV）的发展。这篇综述仔细研究了 CNV 的不同类型和固有特征，以及 CNV 的各种表面工程策略，特别侧重于阐明与 gEV 和 gAV 相关的属性并详细介绍了制备方法。此外，本次探索还深入探讨了生物医学应用的广阔前景、发展前景以及与 gEV 和 gAV 使用相关的当前挑战。通过综合方法，主要目标是提供见解，不仅阐明这些纳米囊泡的微妙复杂性，而且为其无缝融入临床研究并最终转化为实际应用铺平道路。