Biofilms are complex extracellular structures formed by microbes (bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and microalgae), usually as a response to stress induced by fluctuating factors in their environment¹. However, microbes also naturally form biofilms to facilitate their interactions with other microbes, their environment and their hosts.

Biofilms are generally composed of extracellular DNA, complex carbohydrates (exopolysaccharides), proteins, metals and other molecules that contribute to assembly and stability, and at the same time facilitate interactions between the microbes that inhabit them.

中文翻译：

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微生物产生生物膜以支持其在营养有限的环境中的群落

生物膜是由微生物（细菌、古细菌、原生生物、真菌和微藻）形成的复杂的细胞外结构，通常作为对环境中波动因素引起的应激的反应 ¹ 。然而，微生物也会自然形成生物膜，以促进它们与其他微生物、环境和宿主的相互作用。

生物膜通常由细胞外 DNA、复合碳水化合物（胞外多糖）、蛋白质、金属和其他有助于组装和稳定性的分子组成，同时促进栖息在其中的微生物之间的相互作用。