Climate change-intensified urban warming has brought attention to urban parks’ spatial allocation due to their cooling effects. However, conventional accessibility assessments of park cooling effects consider temperature and size, overlooking critical factors such as thermal comfort and supply and demand differences in thermal environments, which more accurately represent public thermal stress. We developed a multimode Gaussian-based Huff three-step floating catchment area method based on thermal stress differences between population locations and parks. This method integrates thermal comfort and cellular population data to assess the spatial mismatch between the supply and demand for park cooling services in Shanghai. Our findings show that most central and developing urban areas have excellent park cooling accessibility. However, considering population demand, central Shanghai requires improved internal park planning to enhance the cooling supply. In contrast, Shanghai's suburban areas exhibit significant supply-demand imbalances, especially in the south and southeast; they require an enhanced cooling supply through planning interventions. Incorporating thermal comfort differences into calculations shifts the highest per capita cooling supply area from the outer suburbs to the suburbs, substantially reducing areas with high demand but low supply. Our novel analytical approach to assessing park cooling accessibility can assist policymakers in developing precise climate adaptation strategies.

中文翻译：

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公园游览中的地理不平等可减轻热不适：一种基于热差异和细胞群体数据的新方法


气候变化加剧的城市变暖因其降温效应而引起人们对城市公园空间配置的关注。然而，公园降温效果的传统可达性评估考虑了温度和规模，忽略了热舒适度和热环境供需差异等关键因素，这些因素更准确地反映了公共热压力。我们根据人口所在地和公园之间的热应力差异，开发了一种基于多模高斯的哈夫三步浮动集水区方法。该方法整合热舒适度和细胞人口数据来评估上海公园制冷服务供需之间的空间不匹配。我们的研究结果表明，大多数中心和发展中城市地区都拥有良好的公园制冷可达性。但考虑到人口需求，上海市中心区需要完善内部园区规划，以增强供冷能力。相比之下，上海郊区供需失衡严重，尤其是南部和东南部；他们需要通过规划干预措施来增强冷却供应。将热舒适度差异纳入计算，将人均供冷量最高的区域从远郊转移到郊区，大幅减少高需求但低供应的区域。我们评估公园制冷可达性的新颖分析方法可以帮助政策制定者制定精确的气候适应策略。