The relay-cropping (R) of a winter cereal and a high biomass yielding legume for advanced biofuel production can enlarge the legume growing season, thus increase its biomass yield and synchronize nitrogen (N)-fixation capacity to uptake. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biomass and food yield of two sunn hemp ( L.; cv. Ecofix) – wheat ( L.; cv. Bologna) relay-cropping systems compared to double-cropping, in order to explore the impact on grain and biomass yield of the variable crops overlapping periods. The evaluated relay-cropping systems foreseen an early November wheat sowing into no till bare soil with: i) sunn hemp harvested at full flowering (beginning of November, R1) and ii) sunn hemp harvested at the end of flowering (end of November, R2). In the control (C) double-cropping, sunn hemp was harvested at the beginning of flowering (end of September). Quantitative and qualitative parameters were evaluated for each system across two growing seasons (2019–20 and 2021–22). Sunn hemp biomass and wheat straw residues were determined. The grain qualitative parameters determined for wheat were: grain volume weight (VW), crude protein, wet gluten, starch and Zeleny index (ZI). The R1 and R2 sunn hemp-wheat relay-cropping biomass yield (12.5 Mg d.m. ha y) was similar to C (11.3 Mg d.m. ha y). In 2019–20, environmental conditions were more favorable, thus, yields were higher than in 2021–22 by 72 %. Wheat grain yields in 2021–22 were higher in R1 (2.9 Mg d.m. ha) than C (2.0 Mg d.m. ha), with R2 showing intermediate values. In 2019–20, however, the grain quality was higher in R1 than in C for crude protein (+11 %), wet gluten (+15 %), and ZI (+26 %) eventually due to an increased N-fixation by sunn hemp that reached full flowering. The local availability of low iLUC risk lignocellulosic feedstock for advanced biofuel could be increased through crop intensification with relay-cropping, showing the potential to provide additional biomass and enhance food quality thus complying with the additionality measures set out by the Delegated Regulation of REDIII.

中文翻译：

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套作提高了先进生物燃料的低 iLUC 风险木质纤维素原料的可用性


用于先进生物燃料生产的冬季谷物和高生物量豆科植物的套作（R）可以延长豆科植物的生长季节，从而提高其生物量产量并同步固氮（N）能力的吸收。本研究的目的是评估两种大麻 (L.; cv. Ecofix) – 小麦 (L.; cv. Bologna) 套作系统与双季作物的生物量和食物产量，以探索不同作物重叠时期对谷物和生物量产量的影响。评估的套作系统预计 11 月初将小麦播种到免耕裸露土壤中，其中：i）在盛花期（11 月初，R1）收获的桑恩大麻和 ii）在开花结束时（11 月底，R1）收获的桑恩大麻。 R2）。在对照（C）双季种植中，在开花初期（9月底）收获荠麻。对每个系统在两个生长季节（2019-20 和 2021-22）的定量和定性参数进行了评估。测定了Sunn大麻生物量和麦秆残留物。测定小麦的籽粒质量参数为：籽粒容重（VW）、粗蛋白、湿面筋、淀粉和泽莱尼指数（ZI）。 R1和R2麻麦套作生物量产量（12.5 Mg d.m. ha y）与C（11.3 Mg d.m. ha y）相似。 2019-20年，环境条件更为有利，因此产量比2021-22年高出72%。 2021-22 年 R1 小麦籽粒产量（2.9 Mg d.m. ha）高于 C（2.0 Mg d.m. ha），R2 显示中间值。然而，在 2019-20 年，R1 的谷物质量高于 C 的粗蛋白 (+11%)、湿面筋 (+15%) 和 ZI (+26%)，最终归因于固氮作用的增加完全开花的苏恩大麻。 通过套作作物集约化，可以增加当地用于先进生物燃料的低 iLUC 风险木质纤维素原料的供应，这显示出提供额外生物量和提高食品质量的潜力，从而符合 REDIII 授权法规规定的额外措施。