The transition of the energy system demands a wide range of raw materials, resulting in projections of rapid demand growth. Many of these commodities are already classified as critical due to a combination of their economic importance and various risks of supply disruption. In this review on the latest developments in modeling the energy-material nexus, we reveal that the research field is currently dominated by ex-post analyses of preexisting energy scenarios, although the number of model-based analyses has increased in recent years. We identify several challenges, such as the introduction of unintended biases or the unrealistic and insufficient representation of technology characteristics and future developments. Model-based approaches promise more realistic results, but their applicability and scope are still limited by the resulting complexity of the underlying models. We show that many of the identified challenges can be addressed with methods currently available and present a collection of best practice recommendations to improve the quality of future analyses. Finally, we provide an overview of research areas that have yet to be thoroughly explored, such as the supply side of raw materials, by-products, or the economic and environmental implications of the use of raw materials.

能源系统的转型需要多种原材料，预计需求将快速增长。由于其经济重要性和供应中断的各种风险，其中许多商品已被列为关键商品。在这篇关于能源-物质关系建模最新进展的综述中，我们发现，尽管近年来基于模型的分析数量有所增加，但该研究领域目前仍以对现有能源情景的事后分析为主。我们发现了一些挑战，例如引入无意的偏见或对技术特征和未来发展的不切实际和不充分的表述。基于模型的方法有望获得更现实的结果，但其适用性和范围仍然受到底层模型的复杂性的限制。我们表明，许多已确定的挑战可以通过当前可用的方法来解决，并提出一系列最佳实践建议，以提高未来分析的质量。最后，我们概述了尚未深入探索的研究领域，例如原材料、副产品的供应方或原材料使用的经济和环境影响。