This study measures the response of gasoline consumption to improved vehicle fuel efficiency (miles per gallon). Although an inverse relationship exists, the percentage decline is always less than the percentage efficiency improvement. As usually measured by past researchers, the long-run response in this study is approximately 80% of the efficiency improvement. The remaining 20% is the direct rebound effect and comports well with previous estimates. However, this rebound estimate escalates to 40–50% if horsepower or vehicle size are controlled. Even larger estimates (about 70%) are possible if carmakers change both fuel efficiency and horsepower when required to meet energy efficiency standards. Larger rebound effects are also possible when VFE improvements also reduce gasoline prices, but these price reductions may also improve welfare.

中文翻译：

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美国汽油对汽车燃油效率的反应：对直接反弹效应的贡献


这项研究衡量了汽油消耗对提高车辆燃油效率（英里/加仑）的反应。尽管存在反比关系，但下降百分比始终小于效率提高百分比。正如过去研究人员通常测量的那样，本研究中的长期响应约为效率提高的 80%。剩下的20%是直接反弹效应，与之前的估计吻合良好。然而，如果马力或车辆尺寸得到控制，这种反弹估计会上升到 40-50%。如果汽车制造商在需要满足能效标准时改变燃油效率和马力，则可能会出现更大的估计（约 70%）。当 VFE 的改进也降低了汽油价格时，也可能产生更大的反弹效应，但这些价格下降也可能改善福利。