Placed starter fertilization, a well-established fertilization practice in agriculture, aims to increase fertilizer use efficiency and yield. So far, numerous studies have proven positive effect on yields. However, the impact on nutrient use efficiency and nutrient uptake was not investigated profoundly. Additionally, diverse unidentified edaphic and environmental factors, and fertilization strategies cause a high uncertainty for the outcome under field conditions. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of a placed starter fertilization on yield, N and P uptake as well as N and P use efficiency. Thereby, the importance of influencing environmental factors and management strategies and the magnitude of their impact should be clarified. We performed a network meta-analysis including 1158 observations from 57 peer-reviewed studies and provided a holistic investigation on the effect of placed starter fertilization on yield, nutrient use efficiencies, and aboveground nutrient contents compared to fertilizing without starter fertilization. This study revealed that placed starter fertilization significantly increased yield by 9.4 %. Especially in warm, arid climates as well as in warm, hyper-humid climates the fertilizer use efficiency gain was most pronounced. While N uptake and N use efficiency could not benefit significantly from a placed starter fertilization, P uptake and P use efficiency were both enhanced. In the future, combining N and P and using ammonium-based fertilizers can guarantee the effectiveness of a placed starter fertilization. In summary, placed starter fertilization is a potent strategy to increase yield and improve P use efficiency and P uptake. When applied in the right climate, with the right dosage and N compound, additional advantages of a placed starter fertilization can be exploited. The current study not only deepens our understanding of the connection of fertilization methods and agronomic performance, but also provides a guideline for improving the efficiency of placed starter fertilization.

中文翻译：

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全面的网络荟萃分析，用于评估发酵剂施肥对产量、养分吸收和养分利用效率的益处


放置发酵剂施肥是农业中行之有效的施肥方法，旨在提高肥料利用率和产量。到目前为止，大量研究已经证明对产量有积极影响。然而，对养分利用效率和养分吸收的影响尚未得到深入研究。此外，各种未识别的土壤和环境因素以及施肥策略导致田间条件下结果的高度不确定性。本研究的目的是量化发酵剂施肥对产量、氮和磷吸收以及氮和磷利用效率的影响。因此，应明确影响环境因素和管理策略的重要性及其影响的大小。我们进行了一项网络荟萃分析，其中包括来自 57 项同行评审研究的 1158 个观察结果，并与未施肥的施肥相比，对施肥对产量、养分利用效率和地上养分含量的影响进行了全面调查。这项研究表明，放置发酵剂施肥可显着提高产量 9.4%。特别是在温暖、干旱的气候以及温暖、高湿的气候下，肥料利用率的提高最为明显。虽然氮吸收和氮利用效率不能从放置的发酵剂施肥中显着受益，但磷吸收和磷利用效率均得到提高。今后，氮磷结合，使用铵基肥料，可以保证发酵剂施肥的有效性。总之，放置发酵剂施肥是提高产量、提高磷利用效率和磷吸收的有效策略。 当在正确的气候下使用正确的剂量和氮化合物时，可以发挥放置发酵剂施肥的额外优势。本研究不仅加深了我们对施肥方法与农艺性能之间联系的认识，而且为提高播种施肥效率提供了指导。