Globally, forests are facing a wide range of disturbances that significantly impact carbon dioxide (CO) and water vapour exchange. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, coastal Douglas-fir and interior lodgepole pine are two of the most common tree species. Led by some early studies in the 1970s, two long-term BC forest research clusters were established using eddy-covariance techniques to further investigate the disruption and recovery of CO and water vapour exchange in BC forests after natural and anthropogenic disturbances. By synthesizing the results and analysing the latest data, we found that harvesting Douglas-fir stands caused substantial CO emissions, which take about 45 years to be compensated for without nitrogen fertilization. The increase in net CO uptake due to nitrogen fertilization was attributed to its considerable suppression of ecosystem respiration but having a minimal effect on gross primary production while increasing aboveground biomass. Timber harvesting reduced evapotranspiration by 30 % initially but nitrogen fertilization had an insignificant effect. In the lodgepole pine stands attacked by mountain pine beetle, post-attack management strongly affected how a stand recovers. CO neutrality was reached in only 3–5 years after the attack when there was no intervention. Beetle-killed trees were susceptible to wind-caused treefall thereby leading to earlier CO emissions. However, impacts of these disturbances on lodgepole pine stand evapotranspiration were minor. Data from both clusters showed that a decrease in gross primary production and an increase in evapotranspiration occurred during the 2021 Pacific Northwest heat dome, but recovery was rapid. Long-term flux tower observations in BC have provided valuable information on stand responses to disturbance and will continue to do so as the climate changes. With advancements in remote sensing and modelling techniques, frameworks taking advantage of rich datasets to obtain urgently required knowledge for understanding forest disturbance and management should be developed.

中文翻译：

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自然和人为干扰后不列颠哥伦比亚省森林二氧化碳和水蒸气交换的中断和恢复


在全球范围内，森林正面临着广泛的干扰，严重影响二氧化碳 (CO) 和水蒸气交换。在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省 (BC)，沿海花旗松和内陆黑松是两种最常见的树种。在 20 世纪 70 年代的一些早期研究的引领下，利用涡度协方差技术建立了两个长期的不列颠哥伦比亚森林研究集群，以进一步研究自然和人为干扰后不列颠哥伦比亚森林中二氧化碳和水蒸气交换的破坏和恢复。通过综合结果并分析最新数据，我们发现采伐花旗松林造成了大量的二氧化碳排放，如果不施氮肥，大约需要 45 年才能得到补偿。氮肥导致的二氧化碳净吸收量的增加归因于其对生态系统呼吸的显着抑制，但在增加地上生物量的同时对总初级生产的影响很小。木材采伐最初使蒸散量减少了 30%，但施氮肥的影响并不显着。在遭受山松甲虫攻击的黑松林中，攻击后的管理极大地影响了林分的恢复。在没有干预的情况下，袭击发生后仅 3-5 年就达到了二氧化碳中和。被甲虫杀死的树木很容易受到风引起的树木倒塌的影响，从而导致更早的二氧化碳排放。然而，这些干扰对黑松林蒸散量的影响很小。两个集群的数据显示，2021 年太平洋西北热穹期间，初级生产总量下降，蒸散量增加，但恢复很快。 不列颠哥伦比亚省的长期通量塔观测提供了有关林分对干扰响应的宝贵信息，并将随着气候变化继续提供这种信息。随着遥感和建模技术的进步，应该开发利用丰富数据集来获取了解森林干扰和管理急需的知识的框架。