Rising antisemitism in the twenty-first century has alarmed Jewish communities and the general public, but antisemitic hate crime victimization remains understudied outside the US context. This study primarily relies on a comprehensive survey of 16,400 Jews across twelve European countries, supplemented with data from additional sources, to assess individual and country-level predictors of Jews’ experiences and fears of antisemitic harassment and violence. Multilevel models indicate that young age, perceived discrimination, identity visibility, and identification with Israel are pronounced individual risk factors for victimization. On the country level, negative opinion of Israel and Muslim population share predict victimization, highlighting the role of a “new” or Israel-derived antisemitism in the twenty-first century. The factors most strongly associated with fear are young age, previous victimization, perceptions of an ambient antisemitic threat, and recent occurrence of fatal antisemitic violence. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of integrating general theory on hate crime and victimization with context-specific factors when seeking to understand the experiences of targeted groups.

中文翻译：

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欧洲的反犹太主义：12 个国家/地区犹太人受害和恐惧的个人和国家层面的预测因素


21 世纪日益增长的反犹太主义引起了犹太社区和公众的警觉，但在美国以外，反犹太主义仇恨犯罪受害问题仍未得到充分研究。这项研究主要依赖于对 12 个欧洲国家的 16,400 名犹太人的全面调查，并辅以来自其他来源的数据，以评估犹太人对反犹太主义骚扰和暴力的经历和恐惧的个人和国家层面的预测因素。多级模型表明，年轻、感知到的歧视、身份可见性和对以色列的认同是受害的明显个体风险因素。在国家层面，对以色列的负面看法和穆斯林人口比例预示着受害，凸显了“新的”或源自以色列的反犹太主义在 21 世纪的作用。与恐惧最密切相关的因素是年轻、以前受害、对周围反犹太主义威胁的看法以及最近发生的致命反犹太主义暴力。总体而言，研究结果强调了在寻求了解目标群体的经历时，将仇恨犯罪和受害的一般理论与特定背景因素相结合的重要性。