Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown promising progress in efficiency and stability, but their application needs further development from small-area cell to large-area module. Fabricating solar cell modules in large-area substrate takes a longer time to deposit and process the thin film than small area devices. Therefore, it is required to expand the processing window of the solution process. Here, we showed that combining N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent with a cooling strategy can generate more stable FA-based perovskite intermediates in two-step deposition, realizing a longer annealing window. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.21% for small-area devices (0.045 cm2) and 23.60% for large-area devices (1.00 cm2) were achieved. It is found that cooling the intermediate phase at a temperature close to 0°C can suppress the formation of δ-phase FAPbI3 and expand the annealing window by 20-fold (from 9 min to 180 min). With the cooling strategies, we have successfully fabricated uniform perovskite films in large area of 45 cm2. PSC mini-modules made by this method achieved state-of-the-art efficiencies of 22.34% and certified efficiency of 21.51%. More importantly, even with an annealing delay time of 180 min, the modules attain decent PCE of 20.89%, showing an ultra-long process window for fabricating efficient PSCs. Our strategy of stabilizing the perovskite intermediate phase brings great flexibility to the large-scale production of perovskite solar modules.

中文翻译：

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高效钙钛矿太阳能模块，通过冷却稳定的中间相实现超长加工窗口


钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）在效率和稳定性方面取得了令人鼓舞的进展，但其应用需要进一步发展，从小面积电池到大面积组件。与小面积器件相比，在大面积基板上制造太阳能电池模块需要更长的时间来沉积和加工薄膜。因此，需要扩大求解过程的处理窗口。在这里，我们表明，将 N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮溶剂与冷却策略相结合可以在两步沉积中生成更稳定的基于 FA 的钙钛矿中间体，从而实现更长的退火窗口。小面积器件（0.045 cm2）的功率转换效率（PCE）为25.21%，大面积器件（1.00 cm2）的功率转换效率（PCE）为23.60%。研究发现，将中间相冷却到接近0°​​C的温度可以抑制δ相FAPbI3的形成，并将退火窗口扩大20倍（从9分钟到180分钟）。通过冷却策略，我们成功地制备了 45 cm2 大面积的均匀钙钛矿薄膜。通过这种方法制造的 PSC 微型模块达到了 22.34% 的最先进效率，认证效率为 21.51%。更重要的是，即使退火延迟时间为 180 分钟，模块也能达到 20.89% 的良好 PCE，显示出用于制造高效 PSC 的超长工艺窗口。我们稳定钙钛矿中间相的策略为钙钛矿太阳能电池组件的大规模生产带来了极大的灵活性。