Lithium/sodium metal batteries (LMBs/SMBs) possess immense potential for various applications due to their high energy density. Nevertheless, LMBs/SMBs are highly susceptible to the detrimental effects of an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and dendrites during practical applications, particularly pronounced in low-temperature environments. Furthermore, sluggish ion transportation further compromises the cycling stability of LMBs/SMBs at low temperatures. To achieve stable operation of LMBs/SMBs at low temperatures, researchers have made numerous efforts including electrolyte optimization aimed at creating stable SEIs and suppressing the metal dendrites under low temperature conditions. Despite the significant advancements made recently in the liquid electrolyte design, there remains considerable hurdle in electrolyte engineering for practical low-temperature, high energy density LMBs/SMBs, calling for a profound comprehension of the intricate interplay between the electrochemical reaction kinetics and electrolyte compositions. This review provides a thorough overview of various strategies in optimizing liquid electrolytes covering weakly solvating electrolytes, concentration-designed electrolytes, and solvation structure-designed electrolytes, to address the challenges faced by LMBs/SMBs at low temperatures, including slow reaction kinetics and the difficulties in Li⁺/Na⁺ solvation/desolvation. Furthermore, this review discusses future prospects for the advancement of this field, intending to provide valuable insights and support for subsequent research undertakings.

中文翻译：

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低温锂/钠金属电池液体电解质设计综合评述


锂/钠金属电池（LMB/SMB）由于其高能量密度而在各种应用中具有巨大的潜力。然而，LMB/SMB在实际应用中极易受到不稳定的固体电解质界面（SEI）和枝晶的不利影响，在低温环境下尤其明显。此外，缓慢的离子传输进一步损害了 LMB/SMB 在低温下的循环稳定性。为了实现LMB/SMB在低温下的稳定运行，研究人员做出了许多努力，包括电解质优化，旨在创建稳定的SEI并抑制低温条件下的金属枝晶。尽管液体电解质设计最近取得了重大进展，但实用的低温、高能量密度 LMB/SMB 的电解质工程仍然存在相当大的障碍，需要深刻理解电化学反应动力学和电解质成分之间复杂的相互作用。本综述全面概述了优化液体电解质的各种策略，包括弱溶剂化电解质、浓度设计电解质和溶剂化结构设计电解质，以解决 LMB/SMB 在低温下面临的挑战，包括慢反应动力学和困难Li ⁺ /Na ⁺ 溶剂化/去溶剂化。此外，本文还讨论了该领域的未来发展前景，旨在为后续研究工作提供有价值的见解和支持。