AimTemperature is regarded as an important driver of broad‐scale biodiversity patterns. However, less is known of the role of dispersal in shaping broad‐scale species and trait distributions, particularly given that species had to disperse out of glacial refugia after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Here, we used a unique dataset describing the distributions of freshwater fauna combined with trait information to evaluate biodiversity relationships to distance to glacial refugia and temperature.LocationTwenty‐five biogeographical regions across Europe.Time PeriodData from species occurrence were gathered in 1978.Major Taxa StudiedA total of 2816 freshwater invertebrate species and 230 freshwater fish species.MethodsUsing the occurrence of invertebrate and fish species in the biogeographical regions, and publicly available trait information, we analysed patterns in diversity indices (i.e. species richness, trait richness and trait redundancy), trait distribution and species and trait β‐diversity, and their relationship to distance to known glacial refugia and regional temperature.ResultsWe show that distributions of European invertebrate and fish species and traits are primarily explained by distance to refugia and its covarying effect with temperature (i.e. refugia tend to be warmer). Specifically, species and trait richness were higher in regions proximate to refugia and lower in distant regions. Additionally, communities in colder and distant regions exhibited reduced niche dimensions and slower life histories, suggesting increased vulnerability to environmental change.Main ConclusionsSpecies more distant from their refugia were characterized by higher dispersal capacities. Accordingly, since the LGM, only a subset of species was able to colonize distant regions, while many species have spatial ranges constrained by their dispersal capacity, increasing their potential for extinction under ongoing climate change. Therefore, additional conservation measures considering species' dispersal capacities are required.

中文翻译：

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扩散、冰川保护区和温度塑造了欧洲淡水生物多样性的生物地理模式


目标温度被认为是大范围生物多样性模式的重要驱动因素。然而，人们对扩散在塑造大范围物种和性状分布中的作用知之甚少，特别是考虑到在末次盛冰期（LGM）之后物种必须从冰川避难所扩散出来。在这里，我们使用了描述淡水动物群分布的独特数据集，并结合性状信息来评估生物多样性与冰川保护区距离和温度的关系。位置欧洲二十五个生物地理区域。时间段物种发生的数据收集于 1978 年。主要分类单元研究A总共2816种淡水无脊椎动物和230种淡水鱼类。方法利用生物地理区域中无脊椎动物和鱼类的出现情况以及公开的性状信息，我们分析了多样性指数（即物种丰富度、性状丰富度和性状冗余度）、性状的模式。分布、物种和性状 β 多样性，以及它们与距已知冰川保护区的距离和区域温度的关系。结果我们表明，欧洲无脊椎动物和鱼类物种和性状的分布主要是通过距保护区的距离及其与温度的共变效应来解释的（即保护区往往会更温暖）。具体而言，物种和性状丰富度在靠近保护区的地区较高，而在较远的地区较低。此外，较冷和偏远地区的群落表现出生态位尺寸减小和生命史较慢，这表明对环境变化的脆弱性增加。主要结论距离栖息地较远的物种具有较高的扩散能力。 因此，自末次盛世以来，只有一小部分物种能够在遥远的地区定居，而许多物种的空间范围受到其扩散能力的限制，增加了它们在持续气候变化下灭绝的可能性。因此，需要考虑物种的扩散能力采取额外的保护措施。