In this work, carbonization and subsequent activation procedures were adopted to synthesize waste shea butter shells into oxygen-rich interconnected porous activated carbon (SAC_ x is the mass ratio of KOH used for activation). The SAC_1.5 electrode material showed outstanding electrochemical performance with high specific capacitance (286.6 F/g) and improved rate capability, owing to various synergistic effects originating from a high specific surface area (1233.5 m/g) and O-rich content. The SAC_1.5-based symmetric device delivered an impressive specific capacitance of 91.6 F/g with a high energy density of 12.7 Wh/kg at 0.5 A/g. The device recorded 99.9 % capacitance retention after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. The symmetric supercapacitor device successfully lit an LED bulb for more than 1 h, signifying the potential of bio-waste as an efficient carbon precursor for electrode material in practical supercapacitors. This work offers an efficient, affordable, and environmentally friendly strategy for potential renewable energy storage devices.

中文翻译：

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利用乳木果油废物衍生的分级活性炭进行高性能超级电容器应用


本工作采用炭化和后续活化程序，将废乳木果壳合成富氧连通多孔活性炭（SAC_x为活化用KOH的质量比）。由于高比表面积 (1233.5 m/g) 和富氧含量的各种协同效应，SAC_1.5 电极材料表现出出色的电化学性能，具有高比电容 (286.6 F/g) 和提高的倍率性能。基于 SAC_1.5 的对称器件在 0.5 A/g 电流下具有 91.6 F/g 的令人印象深刻的比电容和 12.7 Wh/kg 的高能量密度。该设备在 10,000 次充放电循环后电容保持率为 99.9%。对称超级电容器装置成功点亮 LED 灯泡超过 1 小时，这表明生物废物具有作为实际超级电容器电极材料的高效碳前体的潜力。这项工作为潜在的可再生能源存储设备提供了一种高效、负担得起且环保的策略。