Climate change is causing drastic reduction in crop yields around the globe due to increase in soil salinity, drought and heat stress. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is regarded as a very significant food security crop considering the climate change scenario. Two quinoa genotypes (Puno and Titicaca) were cultivated on salt affected soil under drought stress with different sowing dates. Compared with early sowing, late sowing combined with salinity and drought stress caused drastic decline in plant growth and grain yield due to imposition of heat stress. Plant biomass and grain yield decreased by 26% and 39% in Puno, and by 34% and 49% in Titicaca under late sowing accompanied by salt and drought stress. Relative water contents and stomatal conductance of leaves declined in the same trend in both genotypes. Shoot Na+ concentration was the highest whereas K+ concentration was the lowest in both genotypes when drought and salt stress were combined under late sowing. Grain minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, K, P, N and Mn) and dietary contents (protein, lipids, carbohydrates and fibre) were decreased more under the combination of salinity and drought for late sowing as compared to early sowing. When salinity and drought stress were combined under late sowing, the contents of H2O2 and TBARS were 1.9 and 2.2‐fold higher in Puno and 2.4 and 2.6‐fold higher in Titicaca, respectively. The oxidative stress was mitigated by enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and POD) more in Puno than Titicaca. Plant biomass and grain yield were higher in Puno with better grain quality than Titicaca. Hence, this genotype should be cultivated on salt affected soils facing drought and high temperatures.

中文翻译：

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晚播造成的热应激会损害田间条件下面临干旱和盐胁迫的藜麦基因型的谷物产量和质量


由于土壤盐分增加、干旱和热应激，气候变化正在导致全球农作物产量急剧下降。考虑到气候变化情景，藜麦（Chenopodium quinoa Willd）被视为非常重要的粮食安全作物。两种藜麦基因型（普诺和的喀喀）在干旱胁迫下的盐害土壤上以不同的播种日期种植。与早播相比，晚播加上盐分和干旱胁迫，由于热胁迫的施加，导致植物生长和粮食产量急剧下降。在晚播以及盐和干旱胁迫下，普诺植物生物量和粮食产量下降了 26% 和 39%，的的喀喀湖植物生物量和粮食产量下降了 34% 和 49%。两种基因型叶片的相对含水量和气孔导度下降趋势相同。晚播下干旱和盐胁迫联合时，两种基因型地上部Na+浓度最高，K+浓度最低。在盐分和干旱的共同作用下，晚播的籽粒矿物质（钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、钾、磷、氮、锰）和日粮含量（蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物和纤维）比早播下降更多。播种。当盐分和干旱胁迫在晚播条件下组合时，普诺的H2O2和TBARS含量分别高出1.9倍和2.2倍，的的喀喀湖高出2.4倍和2.6倍。普诺的抗氧化酶（CAT、SOD 和 POD）活性增强，比的的喀喀湖更能减轻氧化应激。普诺的植物生物量和谷物产量较高，谷物品质优于的的喀喀湖。因此，该基因型应在面临干旱和高温的盐分影响的土壤上种植。