Innate immunity is essential for the host against pathogens, cancer, and autoimmunity. The innate immune system encodes many sensor, adaptor, and effector proteins and relies on the assembly of higher-order signaling complexes to activate immune defense. Recent evidence demonstrates that many of the core complexes involved in innate immunity are organized as liquid-like condensates through a mechanism known as phase separation. Here, we discuss phase-separated condensates and their diverse functions. We compare the biochemical, structural, and mechanistic details of solid and liquid-like assemblies to explore the role of phase separation in innate immunity. We summarize the emerging evidence for the hypothesis that phase separation is a conserved mechanism that controls immune responses across the tree of life. The discovery of phase separation in innate immunity provides a new foundation to explain the rules that govern immune system activation and will enable the development of therapeutics to treat immune-related diseases properly.

中文翻译：

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相分离作为先天免疫调节的新形式


先天免疫对于宿主抵抗病原体、癌症和自身免疫至关重要。先天免疫系统编码许多传感器、适配器和效应蛋白，并依赖高阶信号复合物的组装来激活免疫防御。最近的证据表明，许多参与先天免疫的核心复合物通过一种称为相分离的机制组织为液体状冷凝物。在这里，我们讨论相分离凝聚物及其不同的功能。我们比较了固体和液体状组件的生化、结构和机械细节，以探索相分离在先天免疫中的作用。我们总结了新出现的证据，证明相分离是一种控制整个生命树免疫反应的保守机制。先天免疫中相分离的发现为解释控制免疫系统激活的规则提供了新的基础，并将有助于开发正确治疗免疫相关疾病的疗法。