This article focuses on the evolution of anthropogenic pressure across Czech large-scale protected areas (protected landscape areas and national parks, n = 30) over the last 60 years. In four periods (1960s; 1990; 2004; between 2016 and 2020) we analysed the development of artificial structures (built-up areas, recreational areas, roads, dirt roads, and streets) and their impact on landscape fragmentation. These spatial data were derived from topographic maps and aerial imageries and then statistically compared. Principally, built-up and recreational areas have increased; however, intensity varied across protected areas (PAs). Built-up areas have grown more in PAs close to large towns, especially after 1990 as protection did not prevent suburbanization in the PAs. Furthermore, PAs with more built-up areas also have more buildable areas; therefore, further ongoing development is expected. Recreational areas are present the most in some mountainous areas, such as ski resorts, and near large towns and spa towns (e.g. golf courses). The density of roads was more or less stable during the study period. Dirt road density differed within PAs according to the prevalent type of landscape: growth or stagnation in forested areas due to recreation and logging purposes and a decline in agricultural land, mainly as a consequence of collectivization in 1950 s followed by landscape unification and the creation of large patches of agricultural land. To sum up, anthropogenic pressure increased with landscape fragmentation, but these impacts are different across Czechia; in peripheral, attractive or -urban areas, which is important from landscape management point of view.

中文翻译：

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过去 60 年来捷克保护区的人为压力：令人担忧的增长


本文重点介绍过去 60 年来捷克大型保护区（景观保护区和国家公园，n = 30）人为压力的演变。在四个时期（1960年代；1990年；2004年；2016年至2020年），我们分析了人工结构（建成区、休闲区、道路、土路和街道）的发展及其对景观破碎化的影响。这些空间数据来自地形图和航空图像，然后进行统计比较。主要是建筑区和休闲区有所增加；然而，不同保护区 (PA) 的强度各不相同。靠近大城镇的保护区的建成区增长更多，特别是 1990 年后，因为保护并没有阻止保护区的郊区化。此外，建成区越多，可建设面积也越多；因此，预计将有进一步的持续发展。休闲区在一些山区（例如滑雪胜地）以及大城镇和温泉城镇（例如高尔夫球场）附近最多。在研究期间，道路密度或多或少保持稳定。根据普遍的景观类型，保护区内的土路密度有所不同：由于娱乐和伐木目的，森林地区的增长或停滞，以及农业用地的减少，这主要是由于 1950 年代的集体化，随后景观统一和创建大片农业用地总而言之，人为压力随着景观破碎化而增加，但这些影响在捷克各地是不同的；在外围、有吸引力的或城市地区，从景观管理的角度来看，这一点很重要。