Climate change is driving a rapid redistribution of life on Earth. Variability in the rates, magnitudes and directions of species’ shifts can alter spatial overlap between predators and prey, with the potential to decouple trophic interactions. Although phenological mismatches between predator requirements and prey availability under climate change are well-established, ‘spatial match–mismatch’ dynamics remain poorly understood. We synthesize global evidence for climate-driven changes in spatial predator–prey overlap resulting from species redistribution across marine and terrestrial domains. We show that spatial mismatches can have vastly different outcomes for predator populations depending on their diet specialization and role within the wider ecosystem. We illustrate ecosystem-level consequences of climate-driven changes in spatial predator–prey overlap, from restructuring food webs to altering socio-ecological interactions. It remains unclear how predator–prey overlap at the landscape scale relates to prey encounter and consumption rates at local scales, or how the spatial reorganization of food webs affects ecosystem function. We identify key research directions necessary to resolve the scale of ecological impacts caused by species redistribution under climate change.

气候变化正在推动地球上生命的快速重新分配。物种转变的速率、幅度和方向的变化可以改变捕食者和猎物之间的空间重叠，并有可能消除营养相互作用。尽管气候变化条件下捕食者需求和猎物可用性之间的物候不匹配是众所周知的，但“空间匹配-不匹配”动态仍然知之甚少。我们综合了气候驱动的空间捕食者-猎物重叠变化的全球证据，这些变化是由于物种在海洋和陆地领域的重新分布而导致的。我们表明，空间不匹配可能会对捕食者群体产生截然不同的结果，具体取决于捕食者群体的饮食专业化和在更广泛的生态系统中的作用。我们阐述了气候驱动的捕食者与猎物空间重叠变化对生态系统层面的影响，从重组食物网到改变社会生态相互作用。目前尚不清楚景观尺度上的捕食者-猎物重叠如何与局部尺度上的猎物遭遇和消耗率相关，或者食物网的空间重组如何影响生态系统功能。我们确定了解决气候变化下物种重新分布所造成的生态影响规模所需的关键研究方向。