Amid all candidates of physics beyond the Standard Model, string theory provides a unique proposal for incorporating gauge and gravitational interactions. In string theory, a four-dimensional theory that unifies quantum mechanics and gravity is obtained automatically if one posits that the additional dimensions predicted by the theory are small and curled up—a concept known as compactification. The gauge sector of the theory is specified by the topology and geometry of the extra dimensions, and the challenge is to reproduce all of the features of the Standard Model of particle physics from them. We review the state of the art in reproducing the Standard Model from string compactifications and summarize the lessons drawn from this fascinating quest. We describe novel scenarios and mechanisms that string theory provides to address some of the Standard Model puzzles as well as the most frequent signatures of new physics that could be detected in future experiments. We then comment on recent developments that connect, in a rather unexpected way, the Standard Model with quantum gravity and that may change our field theory notion of naturalness.

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弦理论的标准模型：我们学到了什么？


在标准模型之外的所有物理学候选者中，弦论为结合规范和引力相互作用提供了一个独特的建议。在弦理论中，如果假设理论预测的额外维度很小且卷曲，则会自动获得统一量子力学和引力的四维理论——这个概念称为压缩。该理论的规范扇区由额外维度的拓扑和几何指定，挑战在于从中重现粒子物理学标准模型的所有特征。我们回顾了从字符串压缩中重现标准模型的最新技术，并总结了从这个引人入胜的探索中吸取的经验教训。我们描述了弦论为解决一些标准模型难题而提供的新场景和机制，以及在未来实验中可能检测到的新物理学的最常见特征。然后，我们评论了最近的发展，这些发展以一种相当出乎意料的方式将标准模型与量子引力联系起来，这可能会改变我们对自然性的场论概念。