This is a golden age for galaxy formation: Existing and especially new telescopes are providing observations that challenge and illuminate rapidly improving theory and simulations. This review describes the formation of the cosmic web and the structure of the dark matter halos that provide the scaffolding of the Universe. It then summarizes how empirical models, semianalytic models, and hydrodynamic simulations attempt to account for key properties of the galaxy population, including the main sequence of star-forming galaxies, the inefficiency of star formation, the shape evolution and color bimodality of galaxies, and the phenomena that cause galaxies to quench their star formation. It concludes with a summary of observations that have challenged the cosmological constant cold dark matter (ΛCDM) paradigm of galaxy formation—including the Hubble and S 8 tensions, bright galaxies in the early Universe, an extragalactic background light mystery, missing satellite galaxies, the diversity of dwarf galaxies, the cusp–core problem, the too-big-to-fail problem, stellar clumps, planes of satellite galaxies, and galaxies without dark matter—and solutions that have been proposed.

中文翻译：

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ΛCDM 宇宙学中的星系形成


这是星系形成的黄金时代：现有的望远镜，尤其是新的望远镜正在提供观测结果，挑战并阐明了迅速改进的理论和模拟。这篇综述描述了宇宙网的形成和提供宇宙支架的暗物质晕的结构。然后，它总结了经验模型、半分析模型和流体动力学模拟如何试图解释星系群的关键特性，包括恒星形成星系的主要序列、恒星形成的低效率、星系的形状演变和颜色双峰性，以及导致星系淬灭其恒星形成的现象。最后，它总结了挑战宇宙学常冷暗物质 （ΛCDM） 星系形成范式的观测结果，包括哈勃和 S 8 张力、早期宇宙中明亮的星系、星系外背景光之谜、缺失的卫星星系、矮星系的多样性、尖点-核心问题、太大而不能倒的问题、恒星团块、 卫星星系平面和没有暗物质的星系——以及已经提出的解决方案。