BackgroundAdolescents vary considerably in their circadian phase preference; those with greater “eveningness” (also known as “night owls”) have later bedtimes, wake times, and peak arousal compared to those with greater “morningness.” Prior research suggests that (a) greater eveningness is associated with worse academic, executive, and attentional functioning; and (b) adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to be high in eveningness and to have deficits in these school‐related constructs. However, few studies have examined circadian preference alongside two potential confounds—sleep duration and sleep quality—as predictors of daytime functioning, or whether the strength of associations differs across adolescents with and without ADHD.MethodsParticipants were 302 adolescents (Mage = 13.17 years; 44.7% female; 81.8% White); approximately half (52%) had ADHD. A multi‐method, multi‐informant design was used. Specifically, adolescents reported on their circadian preference, school night sleep duration, and sleep quality. Adolescents provided ratings of their academic motivation (intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation) and were administered standardized achievement tests in reading and math. Adolescents and parents completed ratings of daily life executive functioning (behavioral, emotion, and cognitive regulation), and they and teachers also provided ratings of ADHD inattentive symptoms.ResultsAbove and beyond sleep duration, sleep quality, and covariates (sex, family income, pubertal development, medication use), greater eveningness was uniquely associated with poorer academic, executive, and attentional functioning across most measures. Sleep quality was uniquely associated with a handful of outcomes, and sleep duration was not significantly uniquely associated with any outcome in the regression analyses. ADHD status did not moderate effects.ConclusionsThis study provides compelling evidence that poorer academic, executive, and attentional functioning are more closely associated with greater eveningness than with sleep duration or quality in adolescents. Findings suggest that targeting circadian preference may be important to reduce these problems in adolescents, especially in clinical samples such as ADHD for whom academic, executive, and attentional difficulties are exceptionally common.

中文翻译：

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对于患有或不患有多动症的青少年来说，较晚（“晚上”）的昼夜节律偏好与较差的执行、学业和注意力功能有关


背景青少年的昼夜节律相位偏好差异很大；与那些“早晨性”较强的人相比，那些“晚上性”较强的人（也称为“夜猫子”）的就寝时间、起床时间和觉醒高峰都较晚。先前的研究表明，(a) 晚上时间越长，学业、执行和注意力功能越差； (b) 患有注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 的青少年往往更容易熬夜，并且在这些与学校相关的结构中存在缺陷。然而，很少有研究考察昼夜节律偏好以及两个潜在的混杂因素（睡眠持续时间和睡眠质量）作为日间功能的预测因素，或者患有和不患有多动症的青少年之间的关联强度是否不同。方法参与者为 302 名青少年（中号年龄= 13.17 年； 44.7% 女性； 81.8% 白色）；大约一半（52%）患有多动症。使用了多方法、多信息设计。具体来说，青少年报告了他们的昼夜节律偏好、学校夜间睡眠持续时间和睡眠质量。青少年提供了他们的学业动机（内在的、外在的和无动机）的评级，并接受了阅读和数学方面的标准化成绩测试。青少年和家长完成了日常生活执行功能（行为、情绪和认知调节）的评级，他们和老师还提供了 ADHD 注意力不集中症状的评级。 结果 睡眠时间、睡眠质量和协变量（性别、家庭收入、青春期）从大多数指标来看，晚睡时间与学业、执行力和注意力功能较差有关。 睡眠质量与少数结果具有独特的相关性，而睡眠持续时间与回归分析中的任何结果都没有显着的唯一相关性。多动症状态并没有减轻影响。结论这项研究提供了令人信服的证据，表明青少年的学业、执行和注意力功能较差与晚睡时间的关系比与睡眠持续时间或质量的关系更密切。研究结果表明，针对昼夜节律偏好对于减少青少年的这些问题可能很重要，尤其是在注意力缺陷多动症等临床样本中，对于这些人来说，学业、执行和注意力方面的困难异常普遍。