Advancement in optical limiters has become an extensive research hotspot for protection of optoelectronic sensors and human eyes from laser damage. Systematic investigation of structural, linear, and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of Zr⁴⁺-codoped YPO₄:La nanostructures for efficient optical limiting are reported. Structural analysis and vibrational properties were confirmed via various characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface chemical and electronic configuration of Zr⁴⁺-codoped YPO₄:La particles are determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) determines the spherical morphology, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms polycrystalline nature. Investigation of linear optical properties includes analysis of absorption spectra, emission spectra, and the excited state lifetime. An open aperture (OA) Z-scan study aided by a pulsed laser source operating at 532 nm reveals the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) property of the orthophosphate sample. Intensity-dependent Z-scan studies reveal the existence of excited state absorption. The nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) is calculated and is on the order of 10^–11 m/W. Zr⁴⁺-codoped YPO₄:La nanoparticles exhibit enhanced optical limiting action as a consequence of strong effective two photon absorption (2PA) assisted by excited state absorption (ESA).

中文翻译：

---

探索用于光限幅器件应用的 Zr4+ 共掺杂 YPO4:La 纳米结构的光学非线性


光学限幅器的进步已成为保护光电传感器和人眼免受激光损伤的广泛研究热点。系统研究了 Zr ⁴⁺ 共掺杂 YPO ₄ :La 纳米结构的结构、线性和三阶非线性光学特性，以实现有效的光学限幅。结构分析和振动特性通过各种表征技术得到证实，例如 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 以及拉曼和傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱。通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析测定了Zr ⁴⁺ 共掺杂YPO ₄ :La颗粒的表面化学和电子构型。高分辨率扫描电子显微镜（HR-SEM）确定球形形态，透射电子显微镜（TEM）确认多晶性质。线性光学特性的研究包括吸收光谱、发射光谱和激发态寿命的分析。在 532 nm 脉冲激光源辅助下进行的开孔 (OA) Z 扫描研究揭示了正磷酸盐样品的反向饱和吸收 (RSA) 特性。强度相关的 Z 扫描研究揭示了激发态吸收的存在。计算出非线性吸收系数(β)，其数量级为10 ^–11 m/W。 Zr ⁴⁺ 共掺杂 YPO ₄ :La 纳米颗粒由于激发态吸收 (ESA) 辅助下的强有效双光子吸收 (2PA) 而表现出增强的光学限幅作用。