The valorization of forest ecosystem services requires actors to innovate and tackle difficulties in realization. We conducted two questionnaire survey series in Japan with forest owners and municipalities—important actors in implementing valorization—to investigate their innovativeness. We measured owners' innovativeness regarding valorization by asking whether they were interested in, planning for, or had implemented four types of valorization: (1) multifunctional payments, (2) habitat payments, (3) non-wood forest products (NWFP) marketing, and (4) forest service industries. Based on spatial autoregressive regression (SAR) analyses of 312 responses, we found that ownership type, age, holding size, and purpose of forest ownership were associated with owners' innovativeness indices. For example, younger owners and the ones with NWFP ownership purpose are more innovative in one or several types of valorization. We also asked municipalities how innovative they were toward using forest environmental transfer tax, a national funding scheme, for implementing or assisting the valorization methods mentioned above. Based on the SAR analyses of 664–670 responses, we identified correlations between innovativeness and several municipal factors such as population size, population changes, areas of private plantation forest ownership, forest ratios, and the importance of agriculture and forestry. Specifically, the coefficients for forest ratio and agriculture/forestry/fishery added value variables were positive in the NWFP model. Relying on the results of the SAR analyses, we evaluated the influences of regional systems of innovation on respondents' innovativeness and found that the influences are statistically and substantially significant.

中文翻译：

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日本森林所有者和市政当局在森林生态系统服务增值方面的创新：相互影响的定量评估


森林生态系统服务的增值需要行动者创新并解决实现中的困难。我们在日本对森林所有者和市政当局（实施价值评估的重要参与者）进行了两次系列问卷调查，以调查他们的创新性。我们通过询问所有者是否有兴趣、计划或已经实施四种类型的增值来衡量业主在增值方面的创新性：(1) 多功能支付，(2) 栖息地支付，(3) 非木材林产品 (NWFP) 营销，（4）森林服务业。基于对 312 个答复的空间自回归 (SAR) 分析，我们发现所有权类型、年龄、土地规模和森林所有权的目的与所有者的创新指数相关。例如，年轻的所有者和具有非木材林产品所有权目的的所有者在一种或多种类型的增值方面更具创新性。我们还询问了各市政府在使用森林环境转让税（一项国家资助计划）来实施或协助上述定价方法方面有何创新。根据对 664-670 份答复的 SAR 分析，我们确定了创新性与人口规模、人口变化、私人种植林所有权面积、森林比例以及农业和林业重要性等多个城市因素之间的相关性。具体而言，NWFP 模型中森林比率和农林渔业增加值变量的系数均为正值。依靠SAR分析的结果，我们评估了区域创新体系对受访者创新性的影响，发现这种影响具有统计显着性和显着性。