Wastewater contamination by heavy metals and synthetic dyes presents a significant environmental challenge, necessitating effective and sustainable separation techniques. This review article provides a detailed examination of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles as an innovative nanoadsorbent for wastewater treatment, with a specific focus on heavy metal and dye removal. The review comprehensively explores various aspects of MgO nanoparticles, including their structural characteristics and synthesis techniques. The article delves into the morphology and crystallographic arrangement of MgO nanoparticles, offering insights into their structural attributes. Given the complexity of adsorption processes, the review identifies and analyzes parameters influencing the adsorption efficiency of MgO nanoparticles, such as temperature, pH, contact time, initial concentration, and co-existing ions. The interplay between these parameters and the adsorption capability of MgO nanoparticles emphasizes the importance of optimizing operational conditions. Furthermore, the review assesses various synthesis methods for MgO nanoparticles, including sol-gel, hydrothermal, precipitation, green synthesis, solvothermal, and template-assisted techniques. It discusses the advantages, limitations, and resulting nanoparticle characteristics of each method, enabling readers to grasp the implications of synthesis processes on adsorption efficiency. This comprehensive review consolidates current insights into the effectiveness of MgO nanoparticles as a potent nanoadsorbent for removing heavy metals and dyes from wastewater covering a wide spectrum of aspects related to MgO nanoparticles. Moreover, there is a need to investigate the use of MgO in the treatment of actual wastewater or river water, in order to leverage its cost-effectiveness and high efficiency for practical water treatment applications in real-time.

中文翻译：

---

氧化镁（MgO）纳米吸附剂在废水处理中的应用：全面综述


重金属和合成染料造成的废水污染对环境提出了重大挑战，需要有效且可持续的分离技术。这篇综述文章对氧化镁 (MgO) 纳米粒子作为废水处理的创新纳米吸附剂进行了详细研究，特别关注重金属和染料的去除。该综述全面探讨了氧化镁纳米粒子的各个方面，包括其结构特征和合成技术。该文章深入研究了 MgO 纳米颗粒的形态和晶体排列，深入了解了它们的结构属性。鉴于吸附过程的复杂性，该综述确定并分析了影响 MgO 纳米粒子吸附效率的参数，如温度、pH、接触时间、初始浓度和共存离子。这些参数与 MgO 纳米粒子的吸附能力之间的相互作用强调了优化操作条件的重要性。此外，该综述还评估了 MgO 纳米粒子的各种合成方法，包括溶胶-凝胶、水热、沉淀、绿色合成、溶剂热和模板辅助技术。它讨论了每种方法的优点、局限性以及由此产生的纳米粒子特性，使读者能够掌握合成过程对吸附效率的影响。这篇全面的综述巩固了目前对氧化镁纳米颗粒作为有效纳米吸附剂去除废水中重金属和染料的有效性的见解，涵盖了与氧化镁纳米颗粒相关的广泛方面。 此外，有必要研究氧化镁在实际废水或河水处理中的使用，以便实时利用其成本效益和高效率进行实际水处理应用。