Green diesel produced from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) could decrease reliance on fossil fuels and GHG emissions. Thus, this work reports a solventless hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction using zeolite beta and La-zeolite beta (LZ) to convert PFAD into diesel-rich fuel. Specifically, LZ-catalyzed reaction dominated the hydrocarbon fraction over zeolite beta with high HDO and DO activity. Lewis' acid sites remove oxygenated species, while Brønsted acid sites aid in cracking. Since most HDO reactions happened on LZs' exteriors, pore size did not affect HDO. The HDO optimum reaction activity was attained at 400 °C using 1 wt% of LZ under 5 MPa H pressure within 3 h. LZ showed 84 % diesel selectivity and greater hydrocarbon output in the N flow environment (DO reaction) than the H-reaction conditions. The H atmospheric reaction system prevented LZ coking, confirming its effect on catalyst stabilisation. The HDO process yielded a paraffinic hydrocarbon product with ∼73 % selectivity of hexadecane (C16H34), demonstrating the formation of liquid fuel with reduced oxygenates. A vacuum distillation technique purified the crude liquid product (CLP) into a refined liquid product (RLP) with 99 % diesel component renewable diesel (RD 100) met ultra-low sulfur diesel requirements that closely resemble those derived from petroleum. This affirms that the high-quality R100 can be used in existing diesel engines efficiently without modifications. Based on reusability studies, the LZ catalysts are capable of performing HDO and DO for up to 5–6 cycles, proving their positive impact on process efficiency and catalyst longevity. Overall, the LZ-catalyzed hydrogen-assisted process is a more promising technology for the oil and gas industry, where hydrogen can be produced from various refinery feedstocks, hence, its implementation could significantly enhance efficiency and sustainability in refining operations.

中文翻译：

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使用 La-沸石 β 催化剂加氢处理棕榈脂肪酸馏分用于生产柴油类烃燃料


由棕榈脂肪酸馏出物 (PFAD) 生产的绿色柴油可以减少对化石燃料和温室气体排放的依赖。因此，这项工作报告了一种使用β沸石和β沸石（LZ）的无溶剂加氢脱氧（HDO）反应，将PFAD转化为富含柴油的燃料。具体而言，LZ 催化反应在具有高 HDO 和 DO 活性的沸石 β 上占主导地位。路易斯酸位点去除含氧物质，而布朗斯台德酸位点有助于裂解。由于大多数 HDO 反应发生在 LZ 的外部，因此孔径大小不会影响 HDO。 HDO最佳反应活性在400℃下使用1wt%的LZ在5MPa H2压力下在3h内达到。 LZ 在 N 流环境（DO 反应）中表现出 84% 的柴油选择性和比 H 反应条件更高的碳氢化合物输出。 H大气反应系统防止了LZ结焦，证实了其对催化剂稳定性的影响。 HDO 工艺产生了十六烷 (C16H34) 选择性约为 73% 的石蜡烃产品，证明了含氧化合物减少的液体燃料的形成。真空蒸馏技术将原油液体产品 (CLP) 纯化为含有 99% 柴油成分的可再生柴油 (RD 100) 的精炼液体产品 (RLP)，满足超低硫柴油要求，与石油衍生产品非常相似。这证实了高质量的 R100 无需改装即可有效地用于现有柴油发动机。根据可重复使用性研究，LZ 催化剂能够进行 HDO 和 DO 长达 5-6 个循环，证明了它们对工艺效率和催化剂寿命的积极影响。 总体而言，LZ催化氢辅助工艺对于石油和天然气行业来说是一种更有前景的技术，可以从各种炼油厂原料中生产氢气，因此，其实施可以显着提高炼油作业的效率和可持续性。