In this study, activated carbon/Fe(MoO)/KCO was synthesized as a novel heterogeneous catalyst and used for the first time for biodiesel production from mustard oil. The synthesized catalyst was appraised by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX)/Map, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analyses. The effect of operating parameters including methanol-to-mustard oil ratio (9:1–27:1), temperature (50–75 °C), catalyst concentration (1–6 wt%), and reaction time (1–6 h) on the biodiesel yield was investigated. The optimization of transesterification operating parameters through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) utilizing Box-Behnken design revealed a peak yield of 96.36 ± 0.1 %. This optimal yield was attained under the following conditions: a methanol-to-oil ratio of 21:1, a temperature of 65°C, a catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, and a reaction time of 4 hours. Furthermore, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) was employed for the prediction of the biodiesel production yield and a satisfactory agreement was observed between the results of RSM and GPR. Reusability experiments indicated that the synthesized catalyst can be regenerated and reused in 4 transesterification reactions without experiencing a significant decrease in yield. The physical properties of biodiesel derived from mustard oil were examined, and it was observed that they were in agreement with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that biodiesel production from mustard oil using the novel activated carbon/Fe(MoO)/KCO heterogeneous catalyst can be considered as a promising approach for generation of clean energy.

中文翻译：

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使用活性炭/Fe2(MoO4)3/K2CO3 作为新型多相纳米催化剂将芥子油酯交换为生物柴油：基于 Box-Behnken 设计的优化和高斯过程回归


在这项研究中，合成了活性炭/Fe(MoO)/KCO作为一种新型多相催化剂，并首次用于从芥子油生产生物柴油。通过Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)、能量色散X射线分析(EDX)/Map、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)对合成的催化剂进行了评价）和拉曼分析。操作参数的影响，包括甲醇与芥子油的比例（9:1–27:1）、温度（50–75℃）、催化剂浓度（1–6wt%）和反应时间（1–6h） ）对生物柴油产量的影响进行了研究。利用 Box-Behnken 设计通过响应面法 (RSM) 优化酯交换操作参数，结果显示峰值产率为 96.36 ± 0.1%。该最佳产率是在以下条件下获得的：甲醇与油的比例为21:1，温度为65℃，催化剂浓度为4wt%，反应时间为4小时。此外，采用高斯过程回归（GPR）来预测生物柴油产量，RSM 和 GPR 的结果之间观察到令人满意的一致性。可重复使用性实验表明，合成的催化剂可以在4次酯交换反应中再生并重复使用，且产率没有明显下降。对源自芥子油的生物柴油的物理特性进行了检查，结果表明它们符合 ASTM D6751 和 EN 14214 标准。根据这项研究的结果，可以得出结论，使用新型活性炭/Fe(MoO)/KCO多相催化剂从芥子油生产生物柴油可以被认为是一种有前途的清洁能源生产方法。