Some of the popular technical efficiency measures are not able to account for potential slacks in inputs or outputs and may misrepresent the degree of inefficiency pertinent to firms, industries, and countries when compared to their peers. A wide range of methods have been proposed in the literature over the last four decades to address this important issue. The precise relationship among many of these methods is not always clear. In this paper we briefly review this literature and propose a unifying framework for such measures, one which embraces many other important approaches in efficiency measurement (including slack-based measures, Russell efficiency measures, etc.) as special cases in this general framework. A numerical example is also presented to illustrate the differences among the special cases of the efficiency measures, complemented with the computational code in for practitioners interested in using these models.

中文翻译：

---

罗素和基于松弛的效率衡量标准：统一框架


一些流行的技术效率衡量标准无法解释投入或产出的潜在松弛，并且可能会歪曲与同行相比与企业、行业和国家相关的低效率程度。在过去的四十年里，文献中提出了多种方法来解决这个重要问题。许多这些方法之间的确切关系并不总是清楚的。在本文中，我们简要回顾了这些文献，并提出了此类衡量标准的统一框架，该框架包含许多其他重要的效率衡量方法（包括基于松弛的衡量标准、罗素效率衡量标准等），作为该总体框架中的特殊情况。还提供了一个数值示例来说明效率度量的特殊情况之间的差异，并为有兴趣使用这些模型的从业者补充了计算代码。