The advent of advanced digital technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), image processing, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, robotics and cognitive computing that have been embedded in Industry 5.0, is considerably improving the sustainability, resilience, and human-centric performance of industrial organizations. Despite the increasing use of Industry 5.0 technologies in smart product platforming in industrial organizations, a critical issue remains how to assess the providers/suppliers of such technologies in highly competitive markets to fulfil personalized products and services. Following Lancaster's characteristics approach to consumer theory, in this study we contribute to assess digital technologies service providers in the Industry 5.0 era by focusing on both theoretical and empirical evidence inquiring about the convexity of conventional nonparametric frontier estimation methods. To do so, a nonparametric double frontier estimation of the hedonic price characteristics relation is developed from both the buyer's and seller's perspectives. Moreover, a separable directional distance function-based optimization model is developed for the efficiency estimation. Furthermore, a comparable estimation of the convex and nonconvex hedonic price function is proposed. We also explicitly test the impact of convexity in evaluating the efficiency of IoT service providers in the Industry 5.0 context. In this study, we also show that the hypothesis of convexity in assessing the efficiency of IoT service providers is rejected using the Li-test comparing entire densities in the case of the seller's perspective without ratio data. Differences are less pronounced for the buyer's perspective and in the case with ratio data.

中文翻译：

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工业5.0时代物联网服务提供商的双特征价格特征前沿估计：非凸视角适应比率


先进数字技术的出现，包括嵌入工业 5.0 的物联网 (IoT)、图像处理、人工智能 (AI)、区块链、机器人技术和认知计算，正在显着提高可持续性、弹性和人力。以产业组织绩效为中心。尽管工业5.0技术在工业组织的智能产品平台中的使用越来越多，但一个关键问题仍然是如何在竞争激烈的市场中评估此类技术的提供者/供应商，以实现个性化的产品和服务。遵循兰卡斯特消费者理论的特征方法，在本研究中，我们通过关注传统非参数前沿估计方法的凸性的理论和经验证据，对工业 5.0 时代的数字技术服务提供商进行评估。为此，从买方和卖方的角度开发了特征价格特征关系的非参数双边界估计。此外，还开发了一种基于可分离方向距离函数的优化模型来进行效率估计。此外，还提出了凸和非凸特征价格函数的可比较估计。我们还明确测试了凸性在工业 5.0 背景下评估物联网服务提供商效率的影响。在这项研究中，我们还表明，在没有比率数据的卖方视角的情况下，使用 Li 检验比较整个密度，拒绝了评估物联网服务提供商效率时的凸性假设。从买方的角度来看以及比率数据的情况下，差异不太明显。