The upsurge in the usage of plastics on a global scale has led to the widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments. This review starts by outlining the current global scenario of plastic production. It then delves into the various sources of plastics and their entry into aquatic systems, including their impact on fisheries and the aquaculture sector. The detailed analysis of plastic entry and various methods of degradation into small sized, MPs followed by their transport, uptake and trophic transference have been reviewed systematically. Besides, the review summarizes the current knowledge on impacts of MPs, their additives and associated contaminants on organisms living in the aquatic environment, particularly fish thriving in cultured conditions. The analysis of effects of MPs alone and in association with other contaminants like heavy metals, organic pollutants and leachates reveal serious effects such as cytotoxicity, immune response, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, barrier attributes and genotoxicity among various aquatic species particularly, fish. In addition, the present review discusses MPs invasion into aquaculture systems, explores risk assessment both in terms of exposure risk and toxicological risks associated with biochemical nature, size, shape and concentration of MPs. Besides, risk management strategies and future prospective to control MPs associated hazards have also been highlighted. In summary, the present review outlines the various sources, fate, impact of MPs in aquatic environment highlighting the need to recognize MPs pollution as a serious threat to aquatic organisms and to formulate strategies including prevention, reduce, reuse and safe disposal of plastic material.

中文翻译：

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了解水生环境中微塑料的来源、归宿和影响，重点是水产养殖系统的风险分析


全球范围内塑料使用的激增导致微塑料（MP）在水生环境中广泛存在。本综述首先概述了当前全球塑料生产的情况。然后深入研究塑料的各种来源及其进入水生系统的情况，包括它们对渔业和水产养殖部门的影响。对塑料进入和降解为小尺寸 MP 的各种方法及其运输、吸收和营养转移的详细分析已经进行了系统的回顾。此外，该审查总结了有关 MP、其添加剂和相关污染物对水生环境中生物体（特别是在养殖条件下繁衍生息的鱼类）影响的当前知识。对 MP 单独以及与重金属、有机污染物和渗滤液等其他污染物相关的影响的分析揭示了对各种水生物种（特别是鱼类）的严重影响，例如细胞毒性、免疫反应、氧化应激、神经毒性、屏障属性和遗传毒性。此外，本综述讨论了MPs侵入水产养殖系统的情况，探讨了与MPs的生化性质、大小、形状和浓度相关的暴露风险和毒理学风险方面的风险评估。此外，还强调了风险管理策略和控制 MP 相关危害的未来前景。总之，本综述概述了MPs在水生环境中的各种来源、归宿和影响，强调需要认识到MPs污染对水生生物的严重威胁，并制定包括预防、减少、再利用和安全处置塑料材料在内的战略。