Increasing concerns surround nanoplastic’s health risks owing to global exposure emphasize clear understanding of their dynamic distribution and organ-specific molecular effects. We assessed the health risks associated with nanoplastics (100 nm) following oral ingestion. Using a fluorescent tracking system, we demonstrated their recyclability through gastrointestinal tract-liver-gallbladder axis, with specific accumulation in the gallbladder. Pathological alterations in the gallbladder and single-cell RNA sequencing data indicated that short-term (three weeks) exposure induces gallbladder epithelial hyperplasia, whereas long-term exposure (six weeks) induces progressive hyperplasia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and fibrosis. Nanoplastic exposure facilitates neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Various nanoplastics were identified in human gallbladder bile samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Consistently, epithelial hyperplasia and neutrophil infiltration were observed in the gallbladder tissues, alongside nanoplastic detection in the bile. Our findings offer insights into the understanding of the enterohepatic-biliary recycling route of nanoplastics and their potential toxic consequences.

中文翻译：

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纳米塑料诱导的胆囊增生、上皮间质转化和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱的肠肝循环


由于全球暴露，人们越来越担心纳米塑料的健康风险，强调要清楚地了解其动态分布和器官特异性分子效应。我们评估了口服纳米塑料 (100 nm) 相关的健康风险。使用荧光跟踪系统，我们证明了它们通过胃肠道-肝脏-胆囊轴的可回收性，并在胆囊中特定积累。胆囊的病理改变和单细胞RNA测序数据表明，短期（三周）暴露会诱发胆囊上皮增生，而长期暴露（六周）会诱发进行性增生、上皮间质转化（EMT）和纤维化。纳米塑料暴露促进中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NET）的形成。使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和拉曼光谱法鉴定了人胆囊胆汁样本中的各种纳米塑料。一致地，在胆囊组织中观察到上皮增生和中性粒细胞浸润，同时在胆汁中检测到纳米塑料。我们的研究结果为了解纳米塑料的肠肝胆循环途径及其潜在的毒性后果提供了见解。