Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) is globally recognized for the restoration of diverse forest ecosystem services across extensive landscapes. Many studies have emphasized the importance of cross-sectoral policy alignment. However, current initiatives aimed at restoration face obstacles due to fragmented management structures across different sectors. This study argues that bridging this gap necessitates a deeper understanding of policy mix elements and their characteristics. This involves scrutinizing policy instruments in various domains to gain insight into complex policy design problems. Using Ethiopia as a case, we identified four sectoral policies due to their relevance to FLR. Within these policy domains, a total of 11 major goals and 46 instruments were identified. We employed a methodological approach known as the Cross-Impact Matrix (CIM) to analyze the interaction between goals and instruments as a specific characterization of the policy mix in FLR-related policies. The results reveal varying levels of coherence based on 121 interactions among eleven goals in the CIM. Additionally, the consistency of instruments was analyzed through 2116 interactions among 46 instruments. As a result of these interactions, specific regulatory instruments, like the acquisition and use of agricultural land, negatively impact FLR efforts by introducing the risk of overlapping and insecure land use rights, including those related to the 2018 Forest Development, Conservation, and Utilization Proclamation and others. This overlap potentially creates challenges when implementing other policy instruments that support FLR. On the other hand, the REDD+ policy creates a positive and conducive environment for implementing other instruments. In conclusion, this paper underscores the importance of considering the complex nature and dynamics of real-world challenges in shaping the policy mix for FLR.

中文翻译：

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实现森林景观恢复宏伟目标的政策组合：分析埃塞俄比亚森林相关政策的连贯性和一致性


森林景观恢复（FLR）因在广泛的景观中恢复多样化的森林生态系统服务而获得全球认可。许多研究强调了跨部门政策协调的重要性。然而，由于不同部门的管理结构分散，目前旨在恢复的举措面临障碍。本研究认为，弥合这一差距需要更深入地了解政策组合要素及其特征。这涉及审查各个领域的政策工具，以深入了解复杂的政策设计问题。以埃塞俄比亚为例，我们确定了四项与 FLR 相关的部门政策。在这些政策领域内，总共确定了 11 个主要目标和 46 项工具。我们采用了一种称为交叉影响矩阵 (CIM) 的方法来分析目标和工具之间的相互作用，作为 FLR 相关政策中政策组合的具体表征。结果揭示了基于 CIM 中 11 个目标之间的 121 次交互的不同程度的一致性。此外，还通过 46 种仪器之间的 2116 次交互来分析仪器的一致性。由于这些相互作用，具体的监管工具（例如农业用地的收购和使用）会带来土地使用权重叠和不安全的风险，从而对 FLR 工作产生负面影响，包括与 2018 年《森林开发、保护和利用公告》相关的土地使用权和别的。这种重叠可能会在实施支持 FLR 的其他政策工具时带来挑战。另一方面，REDD+政策为其他工具的实施创造了积极有利的环境。 总之，本文强调在制定 FLR 政策组合时考虑现实世界挑战的复杂性和动态的重要性。