Toxic metals and metalloids pollution is a major ecological and human health issue, yet classical detection methods are limited. Here we review surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based sensors using nanomaterial-based substrates for metal detection, with emphasis on substrate composition, functionalization, and assembly; metal sensing strategies; and analytical performance. Substrates include nobel metals, semiconductors, and composites. Substrate assembly can be done in solution or on solid supports. Sensing strategies comprise direct sensing, reporter recognition, reporter migration, substrate aggregation, and substrate modification. In general, the physicochemical properties of the substrates determine sensor sensitivity through electromagnetic and chemical enhancements of Raman scattering, whereas substrate surface functionalization, or lack thereof, determines sensor selectivity and the sensing mechanism. The main elements analyzed are mercury, lead, copper, arsenic, and chromium.

有毒金属和类金属污染是一个重大的生态和人类健康问题，但经典的检测方法有限。在这里，我们回顾了基于表面增强拉曼光谱的传感器，使用基于纳米材料的基板进行金属检测，重点是基板组成、功能化和组装；金属传感策略；和分析性能。基材包括贵金属、半导体和复合材料。基底组装可以在溶液中或在固体支持物上完成。传感策略包括直接传感、报告分子识别、报告分子迁移、底物聚集和底物修饰。一般来说，基材的物理化学性质通过拉曼散射的电磁和化学增强来决定传感器的灵敏度，而基材表面功能化或缺乏功能化则决定传感器的选择性和传感机制。分析的主要元素是汞、铅、铜、砷和铬。