Excessive forest exploitation significantly contributes to land degradation and the creation of human-made deadwood. Stumps are sometimes ignored in studies on the biodiversity of coarse woody debris. We investigated whether the type of stump, i.e. broken stumps (naturally created) and cut stumps (formed during forestry operations) had an impact on the species composition and species diversity as well as due to this fact they can be characterized by plant indicators. The research covered 728 spruce stumps (287 broken and 441 cut stumps) that were inhabited by lichens, liverworts, mosses and vascular plants in mountain forest belt (Karkonosze Mts., Poland). The following types of microhabitats were included in the research: the upper surface and the lateral surface of a stump with both bark and wood. There are statistically significant compositional differences between the two types of stumps, which was demonstrated by ordination analyses and indicator species analysis. According to the generalized linear models, the probability of occurrence increases in cut stumps in case of liverworts and vascular plants and also along the decomposition stages. The generalized linear mixed-effects model showed that there was a higher species richness of liverworts, mosses and vascular plants on the cut stumps and less drier but the reverse situation was in lichens. The generalized additive models for their cover showed similar trends. Almost all of the taxonomic groups were affected by altitude both in terms of species composition and total cover on the stumps. We concluded that cut stumps are an important type of deadwood for biodiversity and provide a convenient habitat, especially for many lichens and bryophytes.

中文翻译：

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切割的树桩与破碎的树桩：它对维护中欧山地森林的植物和地衣生物多样性有什么影响吗？


过度的森林开发极大地导致了土地退化和人造枯木的产生。在对粗木质碎屑生物多样性的研究中，树桩有时会被忽视。我们调查了树桩的类型，即破损的树桩（自然形成）和切割的树桩（在林业作业中形成）是否对物种组成和物种多样性有影响，并且由于这一事实，它们可以通过植物指标来表征。该研究涵盖了 728 个云杉树桩（287 个破树桩和 441 个砍伐树桩），这些树桩栖息在山地森林带（波兰 Karkonosze 山）的地衣、地衣、苔藓和维管植物。研究包括以下类型的微生境：树桩的上表面和侧面，同时有树皮和木材。两种类型的树桩之间存在统计学上显着的成分差异，这通过排序分析和指示物种分析得到了证明。根据广义线性模型，在地钱和维管植物的情况下以及沿着分解阶段，在切割桩中出现的可能性增加。广义线性混合效应模型显示，切割的树桩上苔藓、苔藓和维管植物的物种丰富度较高，干燥程度较低，但地衣的情况正好相反。其覆盖物的广义加法模型显示出类似的趋势。几乎所有的分类群都受到海拔的影响，包括物种组成和树桩的总覆盖率。我们得出结论，切割的树桩是生物多样性的重要枯木类型，为许多地衣和苔藓植物提供了方便的栖息地。