Native plants in Western Australia have been highly valued in urban environments due to their endemicity, adaptivity to local conditions and their positive impact on local identity. However, the process of urbanisation often leads to the destruction or significant alteration of native landscapes to meet amenity demands and diverse aesthetic preferences, ecological and functional requirements that vary across societies and over time. This paper examines the role of native and non-native plant species in urban areas of Western Australia with particular reference to the needs of bees (both honeybees and Australian native bees). The analysis draws on the perspectives, vision, and practical experiences of landscape practitioners, beekeepers, and ecologists specialising in native bees and plant pollination. The findings suggest that urban biodiversity in Western Australia inherently involves a combination of native and non-native plant species. Consequently, designing plant arrangements that attract a diverse range of pollinators, including both native and non-native bees, necessitates a specific approach. The results showing that all landscape practitioner respondents have used non-native plants in design practices and acknowledged them as a part of urban biodiversity in Western Australia. All ecologist respondents and 31 % of beekeeper respondents agreed on the existence of competition between native and non-native bees. While ecologist respondents emphasised the significance of native plants for native bees, they still hold positive attitude towards the use of non-native plants in urban landscapes. This research provides valuable guidance for designing urban landscapes that support a diverse range of pollinators and contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in Western Australia. Three key guidance for bee botanic garden plant selections are: (1) Promoting interdisciplinary research and collaboration; (2) Maximising site value and ecosystem integration when considering plant selections; and (3) Incorporating diverse plant collections for varied purposes, such as native plant collection, spontaneous gardens, orchards and preserved remnant bush gardens.

中文翻译：

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设计中的城市生物多样性：深入探讨西澳大利亚本地与非本地植物和蜜蜂的争论


西澳大利亚本土植物因其特有性、对当地条件的适应性及其对当地特色的积极影响而在城市环境中受到高度重视。然而，城市化进程往往会导致原生景观遭到破坏或显着改变，以满足不同社会和不同时间的舒适需求和多样化的审美偏好、生态和功能要求。本文研究了西澳大利亚城市地区本土和非本土植物物种的作用，特别是蜜蜂（蜜蜂和澳大利亚本土蜜蜂）的需求。该分析借鉴了专门研究本地蜜蜂和植物授粉的景观从业者、养蜂人和生态学家的观点、愿景和实践经验。研究结果表明，西澳大利亚的城市生物多样性本质上涉及本地和非本地植物物种的组合。因此，设计吸引各种传粉媒介（包括本地和非本地蜜蜂）的植物布置需要采取特定的方法。结果显示，所有景观从业者受访者都在设计实践中使用了非本土植物，并承认它们是西澳大利亚城市生物多样性的一部分。所有生态学家受访者和 31% 的养蜂人受访者都同意本地蜜蜂和非本地蜜蜂之间存在竞争。虽然生态学家受访者强调本土植物对本土蜜蜂的重要性，但他们仍然对在城市景观中使用非本土植物持积极态度。 这项研究为设计城市景观提供了宝贵的指导，支持多种传粉媒介，并有助于保护西澳大利亚的生物多样性。蜜蜂植物园植物选择的三个关键指导是：（1）促进跨学科研究与合作； （2）在考虑植物选择时，最大化场地价值和生态系统整合； (3) 出于不同目的纳入不同的植物收藏，例如本地植物收藏、自然花园、果园和保存完好的残余灌木花园。