Exposure to immune dysregulation in utero or in early life has been shown to increase risk for neuropsychiatric illness. The sources of inflammation can be varied, including acute exposures due to maternal infection or acute stress, or persistent exposures due to chronic stress, obesity, malnutrition, or autoimmune diseases. These exposures may cause subtle alteration in brain development, structure, and function that can become progressively magnified across the lifespan, potentially increasing the likelihood of developing a neuropsychiatric conditions. There is some evidence that males are more susceptible to early-life inflammatory challenges than females. In this review, we discuss the various sources of in utero or early-life immune alteration and the known effects on fetal development with a sex-specific lens. To do so, we leveraged neuroimaging, behavioral, cellular, and neurochemical findings. Gaining clarity about how the intrauterine environment affects offspring development is critically important for informing preventive and early intervention measures that may buffer against the effects of these early-life risk factors.

中文翻译：

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宫内环境中的免疫改变以性别特异性的方式塑造后代大脑发育


在子宫内或生命早期暴露于免疫失调已被证明会增加患神经精神疾病的风险。炎症的来源可能多种多样，包括由于母体感染或急性应激引起的急性暴露，或由于慢性应激、肥胖、营养不良或自身免疫性疾病引起的持续暴露。这些暴露可能会导致大脑发育、结构和功能的细微变化，这些变化会在整个生命周期中逐渐放大，从而可能增加患神经精神疾病的可能性。有一些证据表明，男性比女性更容易受到早期炎症挑战的影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了子宫内或生命早期免疫改变的各种来源，以及使用性别特异性镜头对胎儿发育的已知影响。为此，我们利用了神经影像学、行为学、细胞学和神经化学研究结果。明确宫内环境如何影响后代发育对于告知预防和早期干预措施至关重要，这些措施可以缓冲这些早期风险因素的影响。