Exposure to immune dysregulation in utero or in early life has been shown to increase risk for neuropsychiatric illness. The sources of inflammation can be varied, including acute exposures due to maternal infection or acute stress, or persistent exposures due to chronic stress, obesity, malnutrition, or autoimmune diseases. These exposures may cause subtle alteration in brain development, structure, and function that can become progressively magnified across the life span, potentially increasing the likelihood of developing a neuropsychiatric conditions. There is some evidence that males are more susceptible to early-life inflammatory challenges than females. In this review, we discuss the various sources of in utero or early-life immune alteration and the known effects on fetal development with a sex-specific lens. To do so, we leveraged neuroimaging, behavioral, cellular, and neurochemical findings. Gaining clarity about how the intrauterine environment affects offspring development is critically important for informing preventive and early intervention measures that may buffer against the effects of these early-life risk factors.

中文翻译：

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子宫内环境的免疫改变以性别特异性方式塑造后代大脑发育


研究表明，在子宫内或生命早期暴露于免疫失调会增加患神经精神疾病的风险。炎症的来源多种多样，包括由于母体感染或急性应激而导致的急性暴露，或由于慢性应激、肥胖、营养不良或自身免疫性疾病而导致的持续暴露。这些暴露可能会导致大脑发育、结构和功能发生微妙的变化，这种变化可能会在整个生命周期中逐渐放大，从而可能增加患神经精神疾病的可能性。有证据表明，男性比女性更容易受到生命早期炎症的影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了子宫内或生命早期免疫改变的各种来源，以及性别特异性镜头对胎儿发育的已知影响。为此，我们利用了神经影像学、行为、细胞和神经化学研究结果。清楚地了解宫内环境如何影响后代发育对于为预防和早期干预措施提供信息至关重要，这些措施可以缓冲这些早期风险因素的影响。