This study investigates the influence of various biomass/biopolymers, namely pectin, cellulose, starch, chitosan, chitin, and shrimp exoskeleton, as modifiers in preparing calcium-based catalysts. The impact on the catalytic performance of the initial pH and type of biopolymer were examined. Significant differences in the material morphology, phase composition, and catalytic activity were found. The most efficient material was prepared with shrimp exoskeleton at pH 2, achieving a remarkable biodiesel yield of 100 % in just 3 h, with a catalyst loading of 1 wt% and a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7:1 at 65 °C. A possible explanation for the differences in the performance of the different materials prepared as a function of the biopolymer employed is given. Insights into the catalytic activity were derived from various characterization techniques, including FTIR, TGA, BET, CO-TPD, XRD, SEM, and EDS. This article presents the first comprehensive study on using different types of biopolymers as modifiers for synthesizing calcium-based catalysts. Our findings demonstrate that the nature of the biopolymer strongly influences catalytic activity, and the possible use of shrimp exoskeleton can be highlighted as a sustainable strategy for preparing highly active catalysts.

中文翻译：

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在生物聚合物/生物质存在下制备的用于生物柴油生产的钙基催化剂：阐明它们对催化效率的影响


本研究研究了各种生物质/生物聚合物，即果胶、纤维素、淀粉、壳聚糖、甲壳素和虾外骨骼，作为制备钙基催化剂的改性剂的影响。研究了初始 pH 值和生物聚合物类型对催化性能的影响。发现材料形态、相组成和催化活性存在显着差异。最有效的材料是在 pH 2 下用虾外骨骼制备的，在催化剂负载量为 1 wt%、甲醇与油摩尔比为 7:1、温度为 65° 的情况下，仅 3 小时即可实现 100% 的生物柴油收率C。对于所制备的不同材料的性能差异作为所用生物聚合物的函数给出了可能的解释。对催化活性的深入了解源自各种表征技术，包括 FTIR、TGA、BET、CO-TPD、XRD、SEM 和 EDS。本文首次介绍了使用不同类型的生物聚合物作为合成钙基催化剂的改性剂的综合研究。我们的研究结果表明，生物聚合物的性质强烈影响催化活性，并且虾外骨骼的可能用途可以被强调为制备高活性催化剂的可持续策略。