Natural hydrogels are widely employed in tissue engineering and have excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. Unfortunately, the utilization of such hydrogels in the field of three-dimensional (3D) printing nasal cartilage is constrained by their subpar mechanical characteristics. In this study, we provide a multicrosslinked network hybrid ink made of photocurable gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and acrylamide (AM). The ink may be processed into intricate 3D hydrogel structures with good biocompatibility and high stiffness properties using 3D printing technology based on digital light processing (DLP), including intricate shapes resembling noses. By varying the AM content, the mechanical behavior and biocompatibility of the hydrogels can be adjusted. In comparison to the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) hydrogel, adding AM considerably enhances the hydrogel's mechanical properties while also enhancing printing quality. Meanwhile, the biocompatibility of the multicrosslinked network hydrogels and the development of cartilage were assessed using neonatal Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat chondrocytes (CChons). Cells sown on the hydrogels considerably multiplied after 7 days of culture and kept up the expression of particular proteins. Together, our findings point to GelMA/HAMA/polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel as a potential material for nasal cartilage restoration. The photocuring multicrosslinked network ink composed of appropriate proportions of GelMA/HAMA/PAM is very suitable for DLP 3D printing and will play an important role in the construction of nasal cartilage, ear cartilage, articular cartilage, and other tissues and organs in the future. Notably, previous studies have not explored the application of 3D-printed GelMA/HAMA/PAM hydrogels for nasal cartilage regeneration.

中文翻译：

---

基于DLP光固化打印的多重交联网络复合水凝胶支架用于鼻软骨修复


天然水凝胶广泛应用于组织工程领域，具有优异的生物降解性和生物相容性。不幸的是，此类水凝胶在三维（3D）打印鼻软骨领域的应用受到其机械特性不佳的限制。在这项研究中，我们提供了一种由光固化明胶、透明质酸和丙烯酰胺（AM）制成的多交联网络混合油墨。使用基于数字光处理 (DLP) 的 3D 打印技术，可以将墨水加工成复杂的 3D 水凝胶结构，具有良好的生物相容性和高刚度特性，包括类似鼻子的复杂形状。通过改变AM含量，可以调整水凝胶的机械行为和生物相容性。与明胶甲基丙烯酰 (GelMA)/透明质酸甲基丙烯酰 (HAMA) 水凝胶相比，添加 AM 显着增强了水凝胶的机械性能，同时也提高了打印质量。同时，使用新生 Sprague-Dawley (SD) 大鼠软骨细胞 (CChons) 评估多交联网络水凝胶的生物相容性和软骨发育。培养 7 天后，接种在水凝胶上的细胞大量繁殖，并保持特定蛋白质的表达。总之，我们的研究结果表明 GelMA/HAMA/聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM) 水凝胶是鼻软骨修复的潜在材料。由适当比例的GelMA/HAMA/PAM组成的光固化多交联网络墨水非常适合DLP 3D打印，未来将在鼻软骨、耳软骨、关节软骨等组织器官的构建中发挥重要作用。 值得注意的是，之前的研究尚未探索3D打印的GelMA/HAMA/PAM水凝胶在鼻软骨再生中的应用。