In this research, the generation of nanobubbles was carried out using a structure of vortex pump based on the relative blockage of flow (without the use of venturi and orifices, which consume a lot of energy to generate nanobubbles), which has made this process economical and commercial. In addition, the use of advanced synthesized nanoreactors with the Yolk@Shell structure, which forms a photoanode by coating the anode electrode and can operate in the visible light range, has highlighted this research work. An in-depth study of the synergistic effect of advanced photoelectrofenton oxidation methods in addition to the hydrodynamic reactor has shown that the intelligent selection of these three types of advanced oxidation methods together has improved the performance of each other and solved their negative aspects, including the use of hydrogen peroxide, divalent iron ion, and the removal of sludge generated by the electrofenton method. The use of hollow cylindrical electrodes allowed adequate loading of the advanced synthesized nanoreactors with Yolk@Shell structure. The investigation of the effects of micro (advanced synthesized nanoreactors with Yolk@Shell structure) and macro (vortex structure based on relative blockage of the flow) processes on the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants, both separately and in combination, is a focus of this work. At the end, the energy consumption for each of these processes and this system in general was studied, which showed that the operating cost of this combined system according to the energy consumption requirements for the almost complete removal of the pollutant naproxen and the 90% reduction of its chemical oxygen demand is 6530 Rials/L.h (or 0.15525 USD/L.h), which presents this system as an economical method with industrialization capability. The degradability index (DI) of the introduced system under optimal operating conditions was 3.38, which shows that the development of the system based on the combination of advanced oxidation methods is a suitable method used in this research work due to its environmental friendliness, absence of side effluent production, efficiency and high degradation performance, ability to recover the nanocatalyst and consequently economic efficiency.

本研究采用基于流动相对阻塞的涡流泵结构来产生纳米气泡（没有使用产生纳米气泡需要消耗大量能量的文丘里管和孔板），这使得该过程非常经济和商业。此外，使用具有Yolk@Shell结构的先进合成纳米反应器，通过涂覆阳极电极形成光阳极，并且可以在可见光范围内工作，也是这项研究工作的亮点。对水力反应器之外的先进光电子芬顿氧化方法的协同效应的深入研究表明，这三类高级氧化方法的智能选择共同提高了彼此的性能并解决了它们的缺点，包括利用过氧化氢、二价铁离子以及电芬顿法去除产生的污泥。空心圆柱形电极的使用允许对具有 Yolk@Shell 结构的先进合成纳米反应器进行足够的负载。这项工作的重点是研究微观（具有 Yolk@Shell 结构的先进合成纳米反应器）和宏观（基于流动相对阻塞的涡流结构）过程对药物污染物降解的影响，无论是单独的还是组合的。最后，对每个流程和整个系统的能耗进行了研究，结果表明，根据几乎完全去除污染物萘普生和减少 90% 的能耗要求，该组合系统的运行成本其化学需氧量为 6530 里亚尔/L.h（或 0.15525 美元/L.h）。h)，表明该系统是一种具有工业化能力的经济方法。引入的系统在最佳操作条件下的降解指数（DI）为3.38，这表明基于高级氧化方法组合的系统开发是适合本研究工作的方法，因为它环境友好，无需副废水产生、效率和高降解性能、回收纳米催化剂的能力以及由此产生的经济效益。