Frequency-dependent tolerance to aircraft disturbance drastically alters predicted impact on shorebirds,Ecology Letters

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Frequency-dependent tolerance to aircraft disturbance drastically alters predicted impact on shorebirds
Ecology Letters ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2024-06-10 , DOI: 10.1111/ele.14452
Henk-Jan van der Kolk _{1,

2} , Cor J Smit ₃ , Andrew M Allen _{1,

2,

4} , Bruno J Ens _{2,

5,

6} , Martijn van de Pol _{1,

2,

7}

Affiliation

Anthropogenic disturbance of wildlife is increasing globally. Generalizing impacts of disturbance to novel situations is challenging, as the tolerance of animals to human activities varies with disturbance frequency (e.g. due to habituation). Few studies have quantified frequency-dependent tolerance, let alone determined how it affects predictions of disturbance impacts when these are extrapolated over large areas. In a comparative study across a gradient of air traffic intensities, we show that birds nearly always fled (80%) if aircraft were rare, while birds rarely responded (7%) if traffic was frequent. When extrapolating site-specific responses to an entire region, accounting for frequency-dependent tolerance dramatically alters the predicted costs of disturbance: the disturbance map homogenizes with fewer hotspots. Quantifying frequency-dependent tolerance has proven challenging, but we propose that (i) ignoring it causes extrapolations of disturbance impacts from single sites to be unreliable, and (ii) it can reconcile published idiosyncratic species- or source-specific disturbance responses.

中文翻译：

对飞机干扰的频率依赖性耐受性极大地改变了对滨鸟的预测影响

全球范围内对野生动物的人为干扰正在加剧。概括干扰对新情况的影响是具有挑战性的，因为动物对人类活动的耐受性随着干扰频率的变化而变化（例如，由于习惯）。很少有研究量化频率相关的耐受性，更不用说确定当在大面积上推断干扰影响时，它如何影响干扰影响的预测。在一项针对空中交通强度梯度的比较研究中，我们发现，如果飞机很少，鸟类几乎总是逃跑（80%），而如果交通频繁，鸟类很少做出反应（7%）。当将特定地点的响应外推到整个区域时，考虑到频率相关的容差会极大地改变预测的扰动成本：扰动图随着热点的减少而均匀化。量化频率相关的耐受性已被证明具有挑战性，但我们建议（i）忽略它会导致对单个地点的干扰影响的推断不可靠，并且（ii）它可以协调已发表的特殊物种或特定来源的干扰响应。

更新日期：2024-06-11

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