The carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotube-loaded nickel (Ni/c-MWCNT) catalyst prepared by the excess impregnation method was used for the hydrogenation of oleoresin-based turpentine (OBT) into high energy density fuel. Benefiting from small nickel nanoparticle sizes (about 10 nm) and the carrier’s high surface area, a hydrogenation rate of 99.1% was achieved at 145 °C and 3 MPa, superior to a commercial 5 wt.% Pd/C. Hydrogenated oleoresin-based turpentine (HOBT) satisfied the density, flash point, and freezing point outlined by the American Society of Testing and Materials standard. Hydrogenation improved the oxidative stability, smoke point, and calorific value of OBT while changing its color to water white. The impact of blend ratio on the blended biomass fuel performance was evaluated by measuring the smoke point, density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, freezing point, and flash point of biofuels blended with HOBT and exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10). When HOBT was blended up to 20% (v/v) with JP-10, the performance of blended biomass fuel was comparable to that of JP-10 and even superior at freezing temperatures.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

---

来自油树脂基松节油的生物质高能量密度燃料：催化加氢转化及其与化石喷气燃料混合物的性能

采用过量浸渍法制备的负载羧基多壁碳纳米管镍（Ni/c-MWCNT）催化剂，用于将油树脂基松节油（OBT）加氢生产高能量密度燃料。受益于较小的镍纳米颗粒尺寸（约 10 nm）和载体的高表面积，在 145 °C 和 3 MPa 下实现了 99.1% 的氢化率，优于商用 5 wt.% Pd/C。氢化油树脂松节油 (HOBT) 满足美国测试和材料协会标准规定的密度、闪点和凝固点。加氢提高了OBT的氧化稳定性、烟点和热值，同时将其颜色变为水白色。通过测量与HOBT和外型四氢二环戊二烯（JP-10）混合的生物燃料的烟点、密度、运动粘度、热值、凝固点和闪点来评估混合比对混合生物质燃料性能的影响。当 HOBT 与 JP-10 混合至 20% (v/v) 时，混合生物质燃料的性能与 JP-10 相当，甚至在冷冻温度下更优越。

 图形概要