Breakthroughs in actual clinical applications have begun through vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy, which uses the body's immune system, both humoral and cellular, to attack malignant cells and fight diseases. However, conventional vaccine approaches still face multiple challenges eliciting effective antigen-specific immune responses, resulting in immunotherapy resistance. In recent years, biomimetic nanovaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches by incorporating the natural structure of various biological entities, such as cells, viruses, and bacteria. Biomimetic nanovaccines offer the benefit of targeted antigen-presenting cell (APC) delivery, improved antigen/adjuvant loading, and biocompatibility, thereby improving the sensitivity of immunotherapy. This review presents a comprehensive overview of several kinds of biomimetic nanovaccines in anticancer immune response, including cell membrane-coated nanovaccines, self-assembling protein-based nanovaccines, extracellular vesicle-based nanovaccines, natural ligand-modified nanovaccines, artificial antigen-presenting cells-based nanovaccines and liposome-based nanovaccines. We also discuss the perspectives and challenges associated with the clinical translation of emerging biomimetic nanovaccine platforms for sensitizing cancer cells to immunotherapy.

中文翻译：

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仿生纳米疫苗在癌症免疫治疗中的应用：帮助对抗免疫治疗耐药性的有用策略


基于疫苗的癌症免疫疗法已经在实际临床应用中取得突破，该疗法利用人体的体液和细胞免疫系统来攻击恶性细胞并对抗疾病。然而，传统的疫苗方法仍然面临引发有效抗原特异性免疫反应的多重挑战，导致免疫治疗耐药。近年来，仿生纳米疫苗通过结合细胞、病毒和细菌等各种生物实体的自然结构，成为传统疫苗方法的有前景的替代品。仿生纳米疫苗具有靶向抗原呈递细胞（APC）递送、改进的抗原/佐剂负载和生物相容性的优点，从而提高免疫治疗的敏感性。该综述全面概述了抗癌免疫反应中的几种仿生纳米疫苗，包括细胞膜包被的纳米疫苗、基于自组装蛋白的纳米疫苗、基于细胞外囊泡的纳米疫苗、天然配体修饰的纳米疫苗、人工抗原呈递细胞——基于纳米疫苗和基于脂质体的纳米疫苗。我们还讨论了与新兴仿生纳米疫苗平台临床转化相关的观点和挑战，该平台使癌细胞对免疫疗法敏感。