Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death, but despondently, the outlook and prognosis for this resistant type of tumor have remained grim for a long time. Currently, it is extremely challenging to prevent or detect it early enough for effective treatment because patients rarely exhibit symptoms and there are no reliable indicators for detection. Most patients have advanced or spreading cancer that is difficult to treat, and treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy can only slightly prolong their life by a few months. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of pancreatic cancer, yet its effectiveness is limited by the tumor's immunosuppressive and hard-to-reach microenvironment. First, this article explains the immunosuppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer and highlights a wide range of immunotherapy options, including therapies involving oncolytic viruses, modified T cells (T-cell receptor [TCR]-engineered and chimeric antigen receptor [CAR] T-cell therapy), CAR natural killer cell therapy, cytokine-induced killer cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, cancer vaccines, and strategies targeting myeloid cells in the context of contemporary knowledge and future trends. Lastly, it discusses the main challenges ahead of pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.

中文翻译：

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胰腺癌治疗中当前和未来的免疫治疗方法


胰腺癌是癌症相关死亡的主要原因，但令人沮丧的是，这种耐药性肿瘤的前景和预后长期以来一直很严峻。目前，由于患者很少出现症状，也没有可靠的检测指标，因此要及早预防或发现它以进行有效治疗极具挑战性。大多数患者患有难以治疗的晚期或扩散性癌症，化疗和放疗等治疗只能将他们的寿命略微延长几个月。免疫疗法彻底改变了胰腺癌的治疗，但其有效性受到肿瘤免疫抑制和难以到达的微环境的限制。首先，本文解释了胰腺癌的免疫抑制微环境，并重点介绍了广泛的免疫治疗选择，包括涉及溶瘤病毒、修饰的 T 细胞（T 细胞受体 [TCR] 工程和嵌合抗原受体 [CAR] T 细胞疗法）、CAR 自然杀伤细胞疗法、细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞、免疫检查点抑制剂、免疫调节剂、癌症疫苗以及当代背景下针对骨髓细胞的策略知识和未来趋势。最后，它讨论了胰腺癌免疫治疗之前的主要挑战。