The paradoxical effects of contextual interference (CI) assume that high CI practices hinder performances during the acquisition phase of learning, while providing more permanent enhancement during the retention phase. This meta-analysis evaluates the possible generalizability of the CI phenomenon in physical education (PE) and sports contexts, with regard to the acute and relatively permanent gains in performance outcomes. A total of 933 records from five electronic databases were screened using the PICOS criteria, of which 36 studies were selected. Outcomes evaluating the performance changes (Δ) from pre-post, post-retention, and pre-retention tests were included. Out of 183 overall pooled outcomes, Δ in only 37 performance outcomes (20%) agreed with the paradoxical CI effects on the acquisition or the relatively permanent gains. No statistically significant overall difference was detected for “Δ pre-post” between low (blocked) (28.9 ± 59.5%) and high (random/serial) (27.9 ± 52.8%) CI (effect size (ES) = 0.1, p = 0.35). An overall significant difference (p = 0.001) in favor of high CI practice was detected in “Δ post-retention.” However, this difference was not large enough (ES = − 0.35) to produce an overall greater long-term gain following high (24.56 ± 4.4%), compared to low (21.9 ± 9.8%) CI (ES = − 0.13, p = 0.18). Out of 10 tested variables, only the age significantly moderated both CI effects (p < 0.0001 for both Δ pre-post and Δ pre-retention) and the female proportion significantly moderated only the first CI effect (p = 0.009 for Δ pre-post). These findings found very limited evidence supporting the recommendation to employ high CI practices to gain a longer-term performance advantage, calling into question the generalization of the CI model to PE and sports practices. High-quality follow-up research evaluating alternative motor-learning models are therefore needed.

情境干扰（CI）的矛盾效应假设高 CI 实践会阻碍学习习得阶段的表现，同时在保留阶段提供更持久的增强。这项荟萃分析评估了 CI 现象在体育教育 (PE) 和运动环境中可能的普遍性，涉及成绩结果的急剧和相对持久的收益。使用PICOS标准筛选了5个电子数据库中总共933条记录，其中36项研究被选中。包括评估保留前、保留后和保留前测试的性能变化 (Δ) 的结果。在 183 个总体汇总结果中，只有 37 个绩效结果 (20%) 的 Δ 与自相矛盾的 CI 对收购或相对永久收益的影响一致。低（封闭）(28.9 ± 59.5%) 和高（随机/连续）(27.9 ± 52.8%) CI 之间的“Δ 前后”未检测到统计学上显着的总体差异（效应量 (ES) = 0.1，p = 0.35）。在“Δ保留后”中检测到有利于高 CI 实践的总体显着差异（p = 0.001）。然而，与低置信区间 (21.9 ± 9.8%) 相比，这种差异还不够大 (ES = − 0.35)，无法在高置信区间 (24.56 ± 4.4%) 后产生总体更大的长期收益 (ES = − 0.13，p = 0.18）。在 10 个测试变量中，只有年龄显着调节两个 CI 效应（对于 Δ 前后和 Δ 保留前，p < 0.0001），而女性比例仅显着调节第一个 CI 效应（对于 Δ 前后，p = 0.009） ）。 这些发现发现，支持采用高 CI 实践来获得长期表现优势的建议的证据非常有限，这对 CI 模型在体育和运动实践中的推广产生了质疑。因此，需要评估替代运动学习模型的高质量后续研究。