Accurate estimation of biological sex in archaeological human remains is critical when considering demographic, resource partitioning, and various sex-based cultural issues in historic societies. Recent developments in paleoproteomics of enamel have allowed for the estimation of biological sex through sex chromosome-linked amelogenins. This method is highly advantageous when traditional osteological sex estimation is precluded by incompleteness, poor preservation, or juvenile age. Here, we have developed Sample Preparation by Easy Extraction and Digestion-free for Enamel (SPEED-E), building on the Sample Preparation by Easy Extraction and Digestion (SPEED) method and direct stage tip clean-up used in paleoproteomic studies. The SPEED-E protocol is similar in extraction time to acid etching protocols, is overall much shorter than digestion-based protocols, and uses relatively less sample. This new method facilitates a rapid analysis of large sample batches where sample value is high and sample material is very limited. Using SPEED-E, we were able to estimate the sex of 85 of 89 deciduous and permanent teeth from the assemblage of archaeological human skeletal remains from the historic First Baptist Church of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The indeterminate teeth had limited or no detected amelogenins because of overprinting larger proteins, likely from sampled dentin.

中文翻译：

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SPEED-E：通过简单提取和消化（无）方案进行样品制备的修改版本，用于考古遗迹中基于牙釉质的性别估计


在考虑历史社会中的人口、资源分配和各种基于性别的文化问题时，准确估计考古人类遗骸中的生物性别至关重要。牙釉质古蛋白质组学的最新进展使得可以通过性染色体连锁的牙釉蛋白来估计生物性别。当传统的骨学性别估计因不完整、保存不良或青少年年龄而无法进行时，该方法非常有利。在这里，我们基于古蛋白质组学研究中使用的简单提取和消化样品制备 (SPEED) 方法和直接阶段尖端清理技术，开发了简单提取和免消化牙釉质样品制备 (SPEED-E)。 SPEED-E 方案的提取时间与酸蚀刻方案相似，总体上比基于消化的方案短得多，并且使用相对较少的样品。这种新方法有助于快速分析大批量样品，其中样品价值高且样品材料非常有限。使用 SPEED-E，我们能够从美国宾夕法尼亚州费城历史悠久的第一浸信会教堂的考古人类骨骼遗骸中估计出 89 颗乳牙和恒牙中的 85 颗的性别。由于叠印了较大的蛋白质（可能来自牙本质样本），不确定牙齿的牙釉蛋白有限或未检测到。