The multifaceted role of hyaluronic acid (HA) across diverse biomedical disciplines underscores its versatility in tissue regeneration and repair. HA hydrogels employ different crosslinking including chemical (chitosan, collagen), photo- initiation (riboflavin, LAP), enzymatic (HRP/H2O2), and physical interactions (hydrogen bonds, metal coordination). In biophysics and biochemistry, HA's signaling pathways, primarily through CD44 and RHAMM receptors, modulate cell behavior (cell migration; internalization of HA), inflammation, and wound healing. Particularly, smaller HA fragments stimulate inflammatory responses through toll-like receptors, impacting macrophages and cytokine expression. HA's implications in oncology highlight its involvement in tumor progression, metastasis, and treatment. Elevated HA in tumor stroma impacts apoptosis resistance and promotes tumor growth, presenting potential therapeutic targets to halt tumor progression. In orthopedics, HA's presence in synovial fluid aids in osteoarthritis management, as its supplementation alleviates pain, enhances synovial fluid's viscoelastic properties, and promotes cartilage integrity. In ophthalmology, HA's application in dry eye syndrome addresses symptoms by moisturizing the eyes, replenishing tear film deficiencies, and facilitating wound healing. Intravitreal injections and hydrogel-based systems offer versatile approaches for drug delivery and vitreous humor replacement. For skin regeneration and wound healing, HA hydrogel dressings exhibit exceptional properties by promoting moist wound healing and facilitating tissue repair. Integration of advanced regenerative tools like stem cells and solubilized amnion membranes into HA-based systems accelerates wound closure and tissue recovery. Overall, HA's unique properties and interactions render it a promising candidate across diverse biomedical domains, showcasing immense potentials in tissue regeneration and therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, many detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms of HA and its applications remain unexplored and warrant further investigation.

中文翻译：

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透明质酸在组织再生修复中的生物工程应用


透明质酸 (HA) 在不同生物医学学科中的多方面作用凸显了其在组织再生和修复方面的多功能性。 HA水凝胶采用不同的交联，包括化学交联（壳聚糖、胶原蛋白）、光引发交联（核黄素、LAP）、酶交联（HRP/H2O2）和物理相互作用（氢键、金属配位）。在生物物理学和生物化学中，HA 的信号传导途径主要通过 CD44 和 RHAMM 受体调节细胞行为（细胞迁移；HA 的内化）、炎症和伤口愈合。特别是，较小的 HA 片段通过 Toll 样受体刺激炎症反应，影响巨噬细胞和细胞因子的表达。 HA 在肿瘤学中的意义凸显了它在肿瘤进展、转移和治疗中的作用。肿瘤基质中HA的升高会影响细胞凋亡抵抗并促进肿瘤生长，为阻止肿瘤进展提供潜在的治疗靶点。在骨科领域，滑液中的透明质酸有助于骨关节炎的治疗，因为补充它可以减轻疼痛，增强滑液的粘弹性，并促进软骨的完整性。在眼科领域，HA在干眼症中的应用通过滋润眼睛、补充泪膜缺陷和促进伤口愈合来解决症状。玻璃体内注射和基于水凝胶的系统为药物输送和玻璃体液替代提供了多种方法。对于皮肤再生和伤口愈合，HA 水凝胶敷料通过促进湿润伤口愈合和促进组织修复而表现出卓越的特性。将干细胞和溶解羊膜等先进再生工具整合到基于 HA 的系统中可加速伤口闭合和组织恢复。 总体而言，HA 独特的性质和相互作用使其成为跨不同生物医学领域的有前途的候选者，在组织再生和治疗干预方面展现出巨大的潜力。然而，HA 的许多详细的细胞和分子机制及其应用仍未被探索，值得进一步研究。