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K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions
Nature ( IF 50.5 ) Pub Date : 2013-11-01 , DOI: 10.1038/nature12796
Jonathan M Ostrem 1 , Ulf Peters , Martin L Sos , James A Wells , Kevan M Shokat
Affiliation  

Somatic mutations in the small GTPase K-Ras are the most common activating lesions found in human cancer, and are generally associated with poor response to standard therapies. Efforts to target this oncogene directly have faced difficulties owing to its picomolar affinity for GTP/GDP and the absence of known allosteric regulatory sites. Oncogenic mutations result in functional activation of Ras family proteins by impairing GTP hydrolysis. With diminished regulation by GTPase activity, the nucleotide state of Ras becomes more dependent on relative nucleotide affinity and concentration. This gives GTP an advantage over GDP and increases the proportion of active GTP-bound Ras. Here we report the development of small molecules that irreversibly bind to a common oncogenic mutant, K-Ras(G12C). These compounds rely on the mutant cysteine for binding and therefore do not affect the wild-type protein. Crystallographic studies reveal the formation of a new pocket that is not apparent in previous structures of Ras, beneath the effector binding switch-II region. Binding of these inhibitors to K-Ras(G12C) disrupts both switch-I and switch-II, subverting the native nucleotide preference to favour GDP over GTP and impairing binding to Raf. Our data provide structure-based validation of a new allosteric regulatory site on Ras that is targetable in a mutant-specific manner.

中文翻译:

K-Ras(G12C) 抑制剂变构控制 GTP 亲和力和效应子相互作用

小 GTPase K-Ras 的体细胞突变是人类癌症中最常见的激活病变,通常与标准疗法的不良反应有关。由于其对 GTP/GDP 的皮摩尔亲和力以及缺乏已知的变构调节位点,直接针对该致癌基因的努力面临困难。致癌突变通过损害 GTP 水解导致 Ras 家族蛋白的功能激活。随着 GTPase 活性调节的减弱,Ras 的核苷酸状态变得更加依赖于相对核苷酸亲和力和浓度。这使 GTP 比 GDP 更具优势,并增加了活性 GTP 结合 Ras 的比例。在这里,我们报告不可逆地结合常见致癌突变体 K-Ras(G12C) 的小分子的发展。这些化合物依赖突变的半胱氨酸进行结合,因此不会影响野生型蛋白质。晶体学研究揭示了一个新口袋的形成,这在以前的 Ras 结构中并不明显,位于效应器结合开关-II 区域下方。这些抑制剂与 K-Ras(G12C) 的结合会破坏 switch-I 和 switch-II,从而破坏天然核苷酸偏好以支持 GDP 而不是 GTP 并削弱与 Raf 的结合。我们的数据提供了对 Ras 上新的变构调控位点的基于结构的验证,该位点可以突变体特异性方式作为目标。这些抑制剂与 K-Ras(G12C) 的结合会破坏 switch-I 和 switch-II,从而破坏天然核苷酸偏好以支持 GDP 而不是 GTP 并削弱与 Raf 的结合。我们的数据提供了对 Ras 上新的变构调控位点的基于结构的验证,该位点可以突变体特异性方式作为目标。这些抑制剂与 K-Ras(G12C) 的结合会破坏 switch-I 和 switch-II,从而破坏天然核苷酸偏好以支持 GDP 而不是 GTP 并削弱与 Raf 的结合。我们的数据提供了对 Ras 上新的变构调控位点的基于结构的验证,该位点可以突变体特异性方式作为目标。
更新日期:2013-11-01
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