Aquaculture is an indispensable food source for the growing world population. In the last decades, its intensification has increased the incidence of viral and bacterial infections, emphasizing the need for novel disease management strategies. Vibrionaceae bacteria are widespread in aquatic environments, affecting various host species, including economically important fish, shrimp and bivalves. Also, human consumption of undercooked aquatic food contaminated with Vibrionaceae and/or their toxins poses a threat to human health, leading to conditions such as gastroenteritis, wound infection and sepsis. In addition, small fish and shrimp, in open aquaculture systems, can be eaten by birds that can then carry and spread this pathogen to livestock and humans. Many Vibrionaceae produce toxins, some detrimental or even lethal to the hosts, others affecting surrounding bacteria. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Vibrio toxins affecting aquatic (in)vertebrate, summarizing findings on molecular structures, mechanisms of action and regulation and secretion processes involved. Important toxin classes for microbe–host interactions, such as haemolytic, proteolytic and MARTX toxins, are discussed, along with other toxins like PirAB produced by the AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The review also emphasizes the importance of microbe–microbe interactions, particularly the production of bacteriocins by Vibrio species (Vibriocins) and antibacterial effectors produced by the Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS). While whole genome sequencing has identified putative virulence factors that are toxins, many toxins remain partially characterized or uncharacterized. Elucidating their regulation, secretion and molecular characteristics can provide valuable information and lead to novel solutions for managing Vibrio pathogens in aquaculture.

中文翻译：

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水产养殖中的弧菌病原体及其毒素：综合综述


水产养殖是不断增长的世界人口不可或缺的食物来源。在过去的几十年中，其加剧增加了病毒和细菌感染的发生率，强调了对新的疾病管理策略的需求。弧菌科细菌广泛存在于水生环境中，影响多种宿主物种，包括经济上重要的鱼类、虾和双壳类。此外，人类食用被弧菌科和/或其毒素污染的未煮熟的水产食品也会对人类健康构成威胁，导致胃肠炎、伤口感染和败血症等疾病。此外，开放式水产养殖系统中的小鱼和小虾可以被鸟类食用，然后鸟类可以携带这种病原体并将其传播给牲畜和人类。许多弧菌科植物都会产生毒素，其中一些对宿主有害甚至致命，另一些则影响周围的细菌。这篇综述全面概述了影响水生（内）脊椎动物的弧菌毒素，总结了分子结构、作用机制以及所涉及的调节和分泌过程的发现。讨论了微生物与宿主相互作用的重要毒素类别，例如溶血毒素、蛋白水解毒素和 MARTX 毒素，以及其他毒素，例如由引起 AHPND 的副溶血弧菌产生的 PirAB 毒素。该综述还强调了微生物与微生物相互作用的重要性，特别是弧菌物种（弧菌素）产生的细菌素和 6 型分泌系统（T6SS）产生的抗菌效应物。虽然全基因组测序已经确定了假定的毒素毒力因子，但许多毒素仍然部分特征化或未特征化。 阐明它们的调节、分泌和分子特征可以提供有价值的信息，并为水产养殖中弧菌病原体的管理提供新的解决方案。