Glioblastoma is a lethal brain cancer with treatment resistance stemming from its interactions with the surrounding microenvironment and obstacles such as the blood–brain barrier. Conventional therapies such as surgery and chemotherapy have shown limited efficacy, whereas immunotherapies, effective in other solid cancers, face obstacles in glioblastoma owing to its unique immunological dysfunction. Despite the development of peptide, neoantigen, cell-based and mRNA-based vaccines, progress to advanced clinical trials has been sluggish. Factors contributing to this slow progress include the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the tumour, the presence of the blood–brain barrier and the inherent instability of glioblastoma vaccines, collectively hindering treatment efficacy. In this context, nanomaterials have emerged as promising owing to their capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier, shield therapeutics from degradation and efficiently target the brain. In this Perspective, we highlight the development of glioblastoma nanovaccination, discussing strategies for nanoparticle engineering to breach the blood–brain barrier and target both immune and glioblastoma cells, paving the way for potential breakthroughs in glioblastoma treatment.

胶质母细胞瘤是一种致命的脑癌，其治疗耐药性源于其与周围微环境和血脑屏障等障碍的相互作用。手术和化疗等传统疗法的疗效有限，而免疫疗法对其他实体癌有效，但由于其独特的免疫功能障碍，在胶质母细胞瘤中面临障碍。尽管肽、新抗原、基于细胞和基于 mRNA 的疫苗得到了开发，但高级临床试验的进展一直缓慢。导致进展缓慢的因素包括肿瘤的免疫抑制微环境、血脑屏障的存在以及胶质母细胞瘤疫苗固有的不稳定性，这些因素共同阻碍了治疗效果。在这种背景下，纳米材料因其能够穿过血脑屏障、防止治疗药物降解并有效靶向大脑而显得很有前景。在本视角中，我们重点介绍了胶质母细胞瘤纳米疫苗的发展，讨论了纳米颗粒工程突破血脑屏障并靶向免疫细胞和胶质母细胞瘤细胞的策略，为胶质母细胞瘤治疗的潜在突破铺平了道路。