Interventions for individuals who commit offenses are of great importance to reduce criminal recidivism by targeting criminogenic factors. The first and most widely applied program is the Reasoning & Rehabilitation (R&R) program. Despite evidence that the R&R program (and its derivatives) is effective in reducing recidivism, questions remain regarding the benefits in a range of cognitive and behavioral outcomes, the long-term effects, and the difference between psychosocial outcomes for different individuals' characteristics (i.e., sex, age, mental disorders, intellectual disabilities). This systematic review and meta-analysis address these issues. A total of 28 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and 23 studies ( = 2528) for the meta-analysis. Results indicated that the R&R is effective in increasing (social) problem solving ( = 0.26, = 0.009), empathy/social-perspective taking ( = 0.37, < 0.001), and decreasing violence/aggression ( = 0.38, = 0.003), anger/hostility ( = 0.25, = 0.003), and impulsivity/inhibition ( = 0.27, = 0.003) but not on criminal attitudes ( = 0.20, = 0.07). Secondary, and some other primary outcomes, were not examined owing to the small number of studies that included these outcomes. We conclude that the R&R is effective at improving some psychosocial skills among individuals who commit offenses. However, questions still remain (i.e., the long-term effect on some outcomes, the effect on different types of offenders, and different comparison groups) because of the small number of studies.

中文翻译：

---

“推理与康复”（R&R）计划在改变认知和行为技能方面效果如何？系统回顾和荟萃分析


针对犯罪因素进行干预对于减少犯罪累犯具有重要意义。第一个也是最广泛应用的项目是推理与康复（R&R）项目。尽管有证据表明 R&R 计划（及其衍生方案）可有效减少累犯，但关于一系列认知和行为结果的益处、长期影响以及不同个人特征（即，心理社会结果）之间的差异仍然存在疑问。 、性别、年龄、精神障碍、智力障碍）。本系统综述和荟萃分析解决了这些问题。共有 28 项研究符合纳入系统评价的条件，另有 23 项研究 (= 2528) 符合荟萃分析的条件。结果表明，R&R 可有效提高（社会）问题解决能力（= 0.26，= 0.009）、同理心/社会视角（= 0.37，< 0.001）以及减少暴力/攻击性（= 0.38，= 0.003）、愤怒/敌意（= 0.25，= 0.003）和冲动/抑制（= 0.27，= 0.003），但不包括犯罪态度（= 0.20，= 0.07）。由于包含这些结果的研究数量很少，因此没有检查次要结果和其他一些主要结果。我们的结论是，R&R 可有效提高犯罪者的一些社会心理技能。然而，由于研究数量较少，问题仍然存在（即对某些结果的长期影响、对不同类型罪犯的影响以及不同的比较组）。