People are living longer and rates of age-related diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are accelerating, placing enormous burdens on patients and health care systems. The quality of carbohydrate foods consumed by an individual impacts health The glycemic index (GI) is a kinetic measure of the rate at which glucose arrives in the blood stream after consuming various carbohydrates. Consuming diets that favor slowly digested carbohydrates releases sugar into the bloodstream gradually after consuming a meal (low glycemic index). This is associated with reduced risk for major age-related diseases including AMD, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes In comparison, consuming the same amounts of different carbohydrates in higher GI diets, releases glucose into the blood rapidly, causing glycative stress as well as accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Such AGEs are cytotoxic by virtue of their forming abnormal proteins and protein aggregates, as well as inhibiting proteolytic and other protective pathways that might otherwise selectively recognize and remove toxic species. Using and animal models of glycative stress, we observed that consuming higher GI diets perturbs metabolism and the microbiome, resulting in a shift to more lipid-rich metabolomic profiles. Interactions between aging, diet, eye phenotypes and physiology were observed. A large body of laboratory animal and human clinical epidemiologic data indicates that consuming lower GI diets, or lower glycemia diets, is protective against features of early AMD (AMDf) in mice and AMD prevalence or AMD progression in humans. Drugs may be optimized to diminish the ravages of higher glycemic diets. Human trials are indicated to determine if AMD progression can be retarded using lower GI diets. Here we summarized the current knowledge regarding the pathological role of glycative stress in retinal dysfunction and how dietary strategies might diminish retinal disease.

中文翻译：

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糖化应激是黄斑变性的一个原因


人们的寿命越来越长，年龄相关性黄斑变性 (AMD) 等与年龄相关的疾病的发病率也在加速，给患者和医疗保健系统带来巨大负担。个人消耗的碳水化合物食物的质量影响健康血糖指数（GI）是消耗各种碳水化合物后葡萄糖到达血液的速率的动力学指标。食用有利于缓慢消化碳水化合物的饮食会在用餐后逐渐将糖释放到血液中（低血糖指数）。这与年龄相关的主要疾病（包括AMD、心血管疾病和糖尿病）的风险降低有关。相比之下，在高GI饮食中摄入相同量的不同碳水化合物，会迅速将葡萄糖释放到血液中，导致糖化应激以及糖化应激的积累。晚期糖基化终产物（AGE）。此类 AGE 具有细胞毒性，因为它们会形成异常蛋白质和蛋白质聚集体，并抑制蛋白水解和其他保护途径，否则这些途径可能会选择性地识别和去除有毒物质。利用糖化应激的动物模型，我们观察到摄入较高升糖指数的饮食会扰乱新陈代谢和微生物组，导致代谢组谱向富含脂质的方向转变。观察了衰老、饮食、眼睛表型和生理学之间的相互作用。大量实验动物和人类临床流行病学数据表明，食用低 GI 饮食或低血糖饮食可以预防小鼠早期 AMD (AMDf) 特征以及人类 AMD 患病率或 AMD 进展。可以优化药物以减少高血糖饮食的破坏。 人体试验旨在确定是否可以通过降低 GI 饮食来延缓 AMD 的进展。在这里，我们总结了有关糖化应激在视网膜功能障碍中的病理作用以及饮食策略如何减少视网膜疾病的最新知识。