Two successive disastrous earthquakes occurred on February 6, 2023 in the province of Kahramanmaraş of Türkiye. These earthquakes resulted in loss of more than 50.000 lives and several cases of serious damage to various engineering structures. Some roadways and railway and underpass tunnels were also damaged by the earthquakes as a result of heavy shaking as well as faulting. In addition, many rockfalls occurred at the portals of railway and roadway tunnels. The faulting caused quite severe damage at the railway tunnel near Ozan village. The concrete lining of the new Erkenek tunnels ruptured at several places. The damage in the new Erkenek twin tunnels may be related to mass movements caused by heavy ground shaking as well as an inclined geological structure together with low overburden next to a valley. Sinkholes of man-made and natural cavities occurred in several locations including urbanized areas. In this study, the authors describe the damage to underground structures by the doublet Kahramanmaraş earthquakes with some detailed analyses of Erkenek tunnels. Furthermore, the causes of the damages are described and their implications on the seismic design of underground structures are discussed. The observations indicated that underground openings crossing by faults and fracture zones may be enlarged to accommodate relative slips along faults and fracture zones. Furthermore, the ductility of support should be high in such zones in order to prevent brittle failure, which may have very disastrous effects. In addition to man-made underground structures, natural underground rock structures may be damaged or sinkholes may be caused by earthquakes as observed in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The computational results clearly explain why the valley-side of one of the tunnels was more damaged compared to that of the mountain-side tunnel. It is also noted that some of the sinkholes in the earthquake region can be explained using some techniques available in literature.

中文翻译：

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2023年2月6日土耳其大地震对部分地下结构的破坏及响应及一些思考


2023 年 2 月 6 日，土耳其卡赫拉曼马拉什省连续发生两次灾难性地震。这些地震造成超过 50,000 人丧生，多起各类工程结构严重受损。由于强烈震动和断层，一些道路、铁路和地下隧道也因地震而受损。此外，铁路和公路隧道的入口处也发生了许多落石事件。这次断层对奥赞村附近的铁路隧道造成了相当严重的破坏。新埃尔克内克隧道的混凝土衬砌有多处破裂。新埃尔克内克双隧道的损坏可能与剧烈的地面震动、倾斜的地质结构以及山谷附近的低覆盖层引起的质量移动有关。包括城市化地区在内的多个地点都出现了人造和天然洞穴的天坑。在这项研究中，作者通过对埃尔克内克隧道的一些详细分析，描述了卡赫拉曼马拉什双重地震对地下结构的破坏。此外，还描述了损坏的原因，并讨论了它们对地下结构抗震设计的影响。观测结果表明，穿过断层和断裂带的地下开口可能会扩大，以适应沿断层和断裂带的相对滑动。此外，在这些区域中支撑的延展性应该很高，以防止脆性破坏，这可能会产生非常灾难性的影响。除了人造地下结构外，天然地下岩石结构也可能因 2023 年卡赫拉曼马拉什地震而被损坏或造成陷坑。 计算结果清楚地解释了为什么其中一个隧道的山谷一侧比山侧隧道受损更严重。还值得注意的是，地震区的一些天坑可以使用文献中提供的一些技术来解释。